Aztreonam

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United Kingdom

Aztreonam is a synthetic antibiotic drug used in the treatment of bacterial infections. It is a monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic that acts by inhibiting cell wall synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Aztreonam is effective against a range of gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and is commonly used in the management of serious infections.

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Aztreonam disks (2 citations)

64 protocols using aztreonam

Antibiotic Susceptibility of E. coli and P. aeruginosa

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Pure colonies from each sample with E. coli and P. aeruginosa contamination were randomly selected for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Pure isolates of E. coli, and P. aeruginosa were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using the Kirby–Bauer Disc Diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton agar, as recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines [23 ]. Zones of inhibition were measured in millimeters and recorded for each antibiotic.
Antibiotics used for E. coli isolates included amoxicillin–clavulanate (20/10 µg), aztreonam (30 µg), ertapenem (10 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), chloramphenicol (20/10 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), cefuroxime (30 µg), ceftriaxone (30 µg) and trimethoprim–sulphamethoxazole (1.25/23.75 µg) (Oxoid, Hampshire, UK). For P. aeruginosa, piperacillin–tazobactam (100/10µg), aztreonam (30 µg), gentamicin (10 µg) and ciprofloxacin (5 µg) (Oxoid, Hampshire, UK) were used.

Ahmed H., Zolfo M., Williams A., Ashubwe-Jalemba J., Tweya H., Adeapena W., Labi A.K., Adomako L.A., Addico G.N., Banu R.A., Akrong M.O., Quarcoo G., Borbor S, & Osei-Atweneboana M.Y. (2022). Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Drinking Water from the Greater Accra Region, Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study, December 2021–March 2022. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12300.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility of pbpB Variants

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MICs for the β-lactam antibiotics aztreonam (Alfa-Aesar, Ward Hill, MA), ceftazidime (Sigma-Aldrich, Ontario, Canada), cefsulodin (A.G. Scientific, Inc., San Diego, CA), and piperacillin (Sigma-Aldrich, Ontario, Canada) were determined for 60 pbpB variants (20 per genotype) by agar dilution, as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (78 ). Significant differences in fitness defined by variations in MIC associated with clade A or clade B isolates carrying the pbpB ancestral major allele, ancestral minor allele, or sweep minor allele were assessed in GraphPad Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA) using a Mann-Whitney U test with a 95% confidence interval.

Diaz Caballero J., Clark S.T., Coburn B., Zhang Y., Wang P.W., Donaldson S.L., Tullis D.E., Yau Y.C., Waters V.J., Hwang D.M, & Guttman D.S. (2015). Selective Sweeps and Parallel Pathoadaptation Drive Pseudomonas aeruginosa Evolution in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung. mBio, 6(5), e00981-15.

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Antimicrobial Activity Assay

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Reagents were purchased from Sigma Chemical unless listed as follows: DPTA-NONOate (Caymen Chemicals), tobramycin (Fresenius Kabi), aztreonam (Alfa Aesar), Hoechst 33342 (Invitrogen), cOmplete protease inhibitor (Roche).

Zemke A.C., D’Amico E.J., Snell E.C., Torres A.M., Kasturiarachi N, & Bomberger J.M. (2020). Dispersal of Epithelium-Associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. mSphere, 5(4), e00630-20.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Protocol

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Cation-adjusted Mueller–Hinton II broth (CAMHB) (BD Diagnostics, USA) was prepared according to the manufacturer’s recommendation. Twelve antimicrobial agents from five classes (β-lactams, β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, aminoglycosides, polymyxins, fluoroquinolones) were included in the test panels. Amikacin (AMK), aztreonam (ATM), cefepime (FEP), ciprofloxacin (CIP), colistin (CST), gentamicin (GEN), levofloxacin (LVX), tobramycin (TOB) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (MA, USA), meropenem (MEM) was purchased from US Biological (MA, USA), ceftazidime, piperacillin and tazobactam (TZP) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (ON, Canada) and Alfa Aesar (MA, USA) respectively, and imipenem (IPM) was purchased from Chem-Impex International Inc (IL, USA). Antimicrobial stock solutions were prepared by dissolving each antimicrobial powder in CLSI-recommended solvents^{3 ,14} and storing as aliquots at − 20 °C. Working solutions were diluted in CAMHB from the corresponding stock on the day of testing.

Clark S.T., Stapleton P.J., Wang P.W., Yau Y.C., Waters V.J., Hwang D.M, & Guttman D.S. (2021). Evaluation of digital dispense-assisted broth microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Scientific Reports, 11, 9157.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiling

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MIC determinations were performed and interpreted according to CLSI agar dilution criteria. 12, 13 Taniborbactam, vaborbactam and avibactam were provided by Venatorx; cefepime and meropenem were provided by Venatorx for initial studies, but subsequently purchased from Alfa Aesar (Heysham, UK) and Sequoia Research Products (Pangbourne, UK) respectively; ceftazidime was purchased from Sigma (Poole, UK) and aztreonam from Alfa Aesar. Control organisms included throughout comprised Escherichia coli ATC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC BAA-1705 (KPC). For the second panel we additionally included K. pneumoniae ATCC70060 (ESBL), also E. coli 113, E. coli RIC and K. pneumoniae BS047 -all with NDM carbapenemases, these were supplied by Venatorx and sourced by them from Dr Docquier and Nordmann. Synergy was taken as a >8-fold reduction in MIC of the partner -lactam in the presence of a -lactamase inhibitor. Unless stated otherwise, taniborbactam and avibactam were used at a fixed 4 mg/L and vaborbactam at 8 mg/L.

Mushtaq S., Vickers A., Doumith M., Ellington M.J., Woodford N, & Livermore D.M. (2021). Activity of β-lactam/taniborbactam (VNRX-5133) combinations against carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 76(1).

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of GNB

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Susceptibility testing of the GNB was examined by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion assay on Mueller-Hinton agar medium (Oxoid, England) against 18 antibiotic disks following the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines [17 ]. The following antibiotics were examined: amikacin (30 μg), amoxicillin/clavulanate (20/10 μg), aztreonam (30 μg), cefepime (30 μg), cefotaxime (30 μg), cefoxitin (30 μg), ceftazidime (30 μg), cefuroxime (30 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), colistin (10 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), imipenem (10 μg), meropenem (10 μg), nitrofurantoin (50 μg), piperacillin(100 μg), piperacillin/tazobactam (100/10 μg), tobramycin (10 μg), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (23.75 μg/1.25 μg) (Oxoid, England). In brief, standardized suspension of each isolate conforming 0.5 McFarland turbidity was inoculated onto two Mueller-Hinton agar plates. Then, nine antibiotic disks were placed onto each plate with recommended distance, followed by overnight incubation at 37°C. The strain of E. coli ATCC 25922 was used as control and was tested each time when susceptibility testing was performed.

Ibrahim M.E., Abbas M., Al-Shahrai A.M, & Elamin B.K. (2019). Phenotypic Characterization and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase- and AmpC β-Lactamase-Producing Gram-Negative Bacteria in a Referral Hospital, Saudi Arabia. The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology = Journal Canadien des Maladies Infectieuses et de la Microbiologie Médicale, 2019, 6054694.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of E. coli

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After PCR validation, the E. coli suspensions were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing on Müller–Hinton agar using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, using E. coli ATCC 25922 as an internal quality control. The antimicrobial disks used for the test included ampicillin (10 μg/disk), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20/10 μg/disk), ceftriaxone (30 μg/disk), meropenem (10 μg/disk), aztreonam (30 μg/disk), gentamicin (10 μg/disk), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (1.25/23.75 μg/disk), amikacin (30 μg/disk), and ciprofloxacin (CIP) (5 μg/disk) (Oxoid Ltd., Hampshire, United Kingdom).

Zhang Y., Zhou J., Dong Z., Li G., Wang J., Li Y., Wan D., Yang H, & Yin Y. (2019). Effect of Dietary Copper on Intestinal Microbiota and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Escherichia coli in Weaned Piglets. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 2808.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling of P. aeruginosa Isolates

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The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of P. aeruginosa clinical isolates was evaluated by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (Ilyas et al. 2016[14 ]) based on the zone of inhibition. The cultures were streaked on Mueller Hinton agar plates and incubated at 37 °C. The zone of inhibition was measured after cultures had been incubated overnight. The test was performed using standard antibiotic discs Ceftriaxone (30 μg), Gentamicin (10 μg), Ciprofloxacin (5 μg), Amikacin (30 μg), Amoxicillin clavulanic acid (30 μg) Ceftazidime (30 μg), Doripenem (10 μg), Meropenem (10 μg), Imipenem (10 μg) and Aztreonam (30 μg) (Oxoid).

Abdulhaq N., Nawaz Z., Zahoor M.A, & Siddique A.B. (2020). Association of biofilm formation with multi drug resistance in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. EXCLI Journal, 19, 201-208.

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Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of P. aeruginosa

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The pattern of antimicrobial resistance was studied using the simple disk diffusion technique. The Mueller-Hinton agar (Merck, Germany) medium was used for this purpose. Antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa strains against 14 commonly used antibiotics, including norfloxacin (30 µg/disk), ampicillin (10 u/disk), imipenem (30 u/disk), gentamycin (10 µg/disk), ciprofloxacin (5 µg/disk), cefipime (30 µg/disk), cefoperazone (30 µg/disk), cotrimoxazole (30 µg/disk), polymyxin B (300 U/disk), meropenem (10 µg/disk), amikacin (30 u/disk), vancomycine (5 µg/disk), ceftazidime (30 µg/disk), aztreonam (30 µg/disk) and antibiotic agents (Oxoid, UK), were analyzed using the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute protocol (CLSI) (11 ). P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) was used as a quality control in each reaction.

Habibi A, & Honarmand R. (2015). Profile of Virulence Factors in the Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains of Human Urinary Tract Infections (UTI). Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 17(12), e26095.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility of P. aeruginosa

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Ten antibiotics (purchased from Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, UK), namely imipenem (10 µg), meropenem (10 µg), levofloxacin (5 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), gentamycin (10 µg), amikacin (30 µg), aztreonam (30 µg), piperacillin (100 µg), cefepime (30 µg), and norfloxacin (10 µg), were selected for the antibiotic susceptibility test with P. aeruginosa using the disk diffusion susceptibility method [48 (link)]. Overnight bacterial culture in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) (Difco, San Diego, CA, USA) was adjusted to 0.5 McFarland turbidity standards. Subsequently, 0.1 mL of bacterial suspension was spread, using sterile swabs, on Mueller–Hinton agar plates (HI Media Lab. Pvt. Ltd. Ref. M173). Duplicate plates were prepared for each isolate. The antibiotic discs were placed on the agar plates (within 15 min of the inoculation) using sterile forceps, to apply the discs at a distance of 2 cm apart from each other, and incubated for 16–18 h at 37 °C. After incubation, inhibition zones were visible and measured with a ruler, with the measurements recorded in mm [49 (link)].

El-Telbany M., Mohamed A.A., Yahya G., Abdelghafar A., Abdel-Halim M.S., Saber S., Alfaleh M.A., Mohamed A.H., Abdelrahman F., Fathey H.A., Ali G.H, & Abdel-Haleem M. (2022). Combination of Meropenem and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles; Antimicrobial Synergism, Exaggerated Antibiofilm Activity, and Efficient Therapeutic Strategy against Bacterial Keratitis. Antibiotics, 11(10), 1374.

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