Thp 1 cells

BV2 cells, used as representative microglial cells, were kindly provided by Dr. E. Choi at Korea University (Seoul, Korea). The cells were maintained in a high-glucose DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% of an antibiotic mix (1 × 10⁵ units/L penicillin and 100 mg/L streptomycin), at 37 °C in a humidified incubator with 5% CO₂ for their proper growth and stability. The RAW264.7 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, VA, USA), whereas the THP-1 cells were purchased from the Korea Cell Line Bank (Seoul, Korea).

THP-1 cells were obtained from the Korean Cell Line Bank (Seoul, South Korea). Cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 medium (Hyclone, Utah, USA) supplemented with 25 mM HEPES, 1% penicillin-streptomycin, and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Hyclone) at 37°C under 5% CO₂.

Primary HASMCs, primary HUVECs, SMC growth medium-2 (SmGM-2), and endothelial cell growth medium-2 (EGM-2) were supplied from Lonza (Basel, Switzerland). THP-1 cells were purchased from the Korean Cell Line Bank (Seoul, Korea). RPMI 1640 and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) were ordered from Corning (New York, NY, USA), and human plasma fibronectin was purchased from Millipore (Burlington, MA, USA). Sixteen percentage formaldehyde and Hoechst 33342 were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane, erioglaucine, Triton X-100, and albumin from bovine serum (BSA) were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Rabbit anti-smooth muscle myosin heavy chain 11 antibody (ab133567, 1:25), mouse anti-CD31 antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488 (ab215911, 1:100), mouse anti-intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) antibody (ab2213, 1:50), rabbit anti-von Willebrand factor antibody (ab6994, 1:100), goat anti-mouse IgG H&L Alexa Fluor 488 (ab150113, 1:200), and goat anti-rabbit IgG H&L Alexa Fluor 594 (ab150080, 1:200) were ordered from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Recombinant human TNF-α was supplied from PeproTech (Rocky Hill, NJ, USA). A PDMS polymeric base and a curing agent were purchased from Dow Chemical Company (Midland, MI, USA).

L02 cells (an immortalized normal liver cell line) were a kind gift from Dr. KH Lee (Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences). THP-1 cells (human acute monocytic leukemia cell line) were purchased from Korean Cell Line Bank (KCLB NO. 40202). The L02 cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; LM001-05, Welgene), and THP-1 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (SH30027.01, Cytiva) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 100 U/mL of penicillin and streptomycin at 37 °C in a 5% CO₂ incubator.
Stable PON2 knock-down (KD) L02 cells were generated by transducing the cells with recombinant lentivirus harboring short hairpin RNA against PON2 (shPON2; Gencopoeia, LPP-HSH013480-LVRU6P). The resultant PON2-KD cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with puromycin (500 ng/mL; A11138-03, Life Technologies). The PON2 KD was confirmed using immunoblotting with the anti-PON2 antibody.
To prepare the BSA-conjugated PA solution, 100 mM PA solution was prepared in 0.1 mM NaOH and the solution was heated at 70 °C. PA solution was incubated with 10% BSA at 55 °C for 30 min to obtain 5 mM PA/1% BSA^{53 (link)}. The solution was then cooled to 25 °C, filter-sterilized, and stored at −20 °C until use. The cells were incubated with culture medium containing 100 µM BSA-conjugated PA or BSA as control treatment.