Pma 12

The absorption spectra of the samples were recorded using a spectrophotometer FLS980 (Edinburgh Instruments). For sample excitation at 420 nm (30 mW) or 640 nm (50 mW), continuous-wave semiconductor lasers (Picoquant) were used. The steady-state FL and UC emission spectra were measured using a back-thinned CCD spectrometer PMA-12 (Hamamatsu). The long-lasting delayed FL and UC transients were measured with a time-gated iCCD camera New iStar DH340T (Andor) after exciting the samples with the emission of a tunable-wavelength optical amplifier (Ekspla) pumped by a nanosecond Nd³⁺:YAG laser (wavelength – 640 nm, pulse duration – 5 ns, repetition rate – 1 kHz). FL and UC quantum yields were determined by utilizing an integrating sphere (Sphere Optics) coupled with the CCD spectrometer PMA-12 via an optical fiber and carrying out the procedure described by Mello et al.^{53 (link)} The UC quantum yield is defined as the ratio of emitted UC photons to total absorbed photons. Thus, the UC yield can utmost reach 50%.

The devices were prepared using precleaned indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates. The different organic layers were sequentially thermally evaporated under vacuum lower than 3 × 10⁻⁴ Pa. Finally, the LiF/Al electrodes were deposited through a shadow mask on top of the multilayer structure. The device active area was 4 mm². To avoid any degradation and emission quenching due to oxygen and moisture, the OLEDs were encapsulated in a glovebox filled with nitrogen. The J–V–L characteristics were collected using a source meter (Keithley 2400, Keithley Instruments Inc.) and an absolute external quantum efficiency measurement system (C9920-12, Hamamatsu Photonics). An optical fiber connected to a spectrometer (PMA-12, Hamamatsu Photonics) was used to record the electroluminescence spectra.

The emission, excitation emission spectra and luminescence kinetics were recorded by an FLS980 Fluorescence Spectrometer (Edinburgh Instruments, Kirkton Campus, UK) from Edinburgh Instruments equipped with a 450 W Xenon lamp and a Hamamatsu R928P photomultiplier. The hydroxyapatite powders were placed into a quartz tube. The excitation of 300 mm focal length monochromator was in Czerny–Turner configuration. All spectra were corrected during measurement according to the characteristics of the intensity of the excitation source. All spectra were recorded at room temperature. The spectral resolution of the excitation and emission spectra was 0.1 nm. Excitation spectra were recorded, monitoring the maximum of the emission at 618 nm that relates to the ⁵D₀ → ⁷F₂ transition, and emission spectra were recorded upon excitation wavelength at 394 nm. Before analysis, the emission spectra were normalized to the ⁵D₀ → ⁷F₁ magnetic transition. The luminescence kinetics profiles were recorded according to the ⁵D₀ → ⁷F₂ electric dipole transition.
Temperature-dependent emission spectra were recorded using the laser diode (λ_exc = 375 nm), and as an optical detector, we used the Hamamatsu PMA-12 photonic multichannel analyzer (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu City, Japan). The presented emission spectra are the average result of 15 measurements with an exposure time of 500 ms.

The field of view was illuminated with an Nd:YAG laser (100 mW, 532 nm; Sapphire 532 LP, Coherent), and fluorescence images were obtained by an EMCCD camera (Andor iXon DU897, Andor Technology). We recorded fluorescence spectra by using a Hamamatsu photonics PMA-12. The emitted light was collected by an oil-immersion 60x or 100x (for super-resolution imaging) objective (CFI Apochromat TIRF 60x/1.49 and 100x/1.49, respectively; Nikon), passed through a dichroic mirror centred at 575 nm and a long-wave (short-wave) pass filter between 590 nm and 845 nm to detect the fluorescence signal from NVCs. The microscope was equipped with a microwave coil and a detachable neodymium magnet above the sample stage for irradiating the resonant frequency and external magnetic fields. Through this experimental setup, the ODMR intensity was calculated in accordance with equation (1), and the ODMR spectrum was obtained with the microwave frequency swept widely from 2670 to 3070 MHz point by point either with or without an external magnetic field. The ODMR spectrum in Fig. 2(a) and both pulse ODMR experiments in Fig. 2(d) were recorded on a confocal setup.

The absorption spectra were recorded on a UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer (LAMBDA 950, Perkin Elmer). The absorption spectra of the radical species were obtained under electrical oxidation in a solution containing 0.1 M TBAPF₆. The photoluminescence spectra in air were recorded on a spectrofluorometer (FP-8600, JASCO). The phosphorescence spectra at 77 K were recorded on a multi-channel spectrometer (PMA-12, Hamamatsu Photonics) excited using a 340 nm LED (M340L4, Thorlabs) with a bandpass filter (340 ± 5 nm). The absolute photoluminescence quantum yields (Φ_PL) were measured using a quantum yield spectrometer (C9920-02, Hamamatsu Photonics). The streak images, transient photoluminescence spectra, and decay profiles on various timescales were measured in vacuum using a streak camera system (C4334, Hamamatsu Photonics) equipped with a cryostat (GASESCRT-006-2000, Iwatani) and excitation was provided by a nitrogen gas laser (KEN-X, USHO). LPL performance was obtained using a homemade measurement setup with an excitation power of 230 μW and an excitation duration of 60 s^{8 (link)}. Supplementary Movie 1 was recorded on a Sony α7sII digital camera with 1 mol% TTB/PPT film excited by 365 nm UV lamp for 5 min at 300 K.

Thin films were fabricated by spin-coating from 1.2 wt% chloroform solution at 1000 rpm for 60 s on non-fluorescent glass substrates, which were encapsulated in a glovebox. A CW laser diode (NICHIA NDV7375E) was used to generate excitation light with an excitation wavelength of 405 nm. The excitation beam area was 2.5 mm × 2.5 mm circle. The excitation power was 200 mW for BSBCz-EH. The emission spectra were recorded using spectrometer (Hamamatsu Photonics PMA-12).