Nitric acid hno3

The laboratory material was previously washed with Milli-Q quality distilled water (Milli-Q water purification system, Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA) and laboratory detergent (Acationox, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Only analytical quality reagents were used.
Samples weighing 10 g of muscle mass with the skin from the mid-dorsal musculature area were weighed separately. The whole liver of each specimen of variable weight depending was also weighed. The samples were placed in porcelain capsules (Staatlich, Werheim, Germany) and left at a temperature of 70 ± 10 °C for 24 h in an oven (Nabertherm, Lilienthal, Germany) for complete drying. Subsequently, they were subjected to acid digestion with 65% nitric acid (HNO₃) (Sigma Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany), and, once all the acid had evaporated, they were placed in a muffle furnace (Nabertherm, Lilienthal, Germany) with a temperature–time program of 420 ± 20 °C–24 h, with a progressive rise in temperature of 50 °C per hour [2 ,31 (link)]. The ashes obtained were dissolved in 1.5% HNO₃ solution (Sigma Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) up to a total volume of 25 mL [2 ,31 (link)]. Finally, they were transferred to sterile and hermetic polyethylene containers for further analysis.

Three different surface treatments were employed. The first one consists of the application of a highly flexible two-component epoxy resin (C-E), the mechanical properties of which are reported in Table 2. The yarns were fully impregnated with the epoxy by means of a plastic spatula, then cured at 60 °C for 24 h.
The second treatment involved the application of a nano-silica coating (C-NS). Carbon yarns were immersed in a nano-silica dispersion under stirring for 15 min and then dried at room temperature. The nano-silica dispersion was obtained using the sol-gel method by adding an acidic solution (distilled water: 65% nitric acid in the molar ratio 1:0.032) to a 98% tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) by Evonik, ethanol (analytical grade) solution as described in [38 (link)].
Finally, the third treatment (C-Ox) consisted of carbon yarn sonication in a HNO₃/H₂SO₄ oxidative solution for 15 min, followed by washing with distilled water until a pH of 6 is reached. 65% nitric acid (HNO₃) and 95% sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) were both purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The oxidative solution was prepared according to [39 (link)], with a 1:3 HNO₃/H₂SO₄ volume ratio. Yarns were dried at room temperature before testing.

Nitric acid (HNO₃) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), hydrazine sulfate, hydrobromic acid, and other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Rice flour (standard reference material [SRM] 1568a) was obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (Gaithersburg, MD, USA). All standard solutions, reagents, and samples were prepared using deionized water (18 MΩcm). To avoid arsenic residue contamination, all glassware was soaked in 10% (v/v) HNO₃ overnight and washed three times with deionized water before use.

PEO powder (Merck KGaA; Darmstadt, Germany) with viscosity average molecular weight of 30,000 g/mol. and MWCNTs (diameter and length of 20–30 nm and 10–30 nm, respectively) were provided by National Centre for Physics, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) 95% and nitric acid (HNO₃) 70% were purchased from Merck KGaA; Darmstadt, Germany.

Nitric acid (HNO₃, 69%) was purchased from Merck (Bayswater, Victoria, Australia). Fermenting juice and wine were sampled using 10 mL pipettes (Greiner CELLSTAR^® serological pipettes) obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia) that were pre-washed with 5% HNO₃ and storing the pipettes overnight in 5% HNO₃ to remove all traces of residual metal ions on the pipettes’ surface. Following the acid wash the pipettes were rinsed five times using water obtained from a Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, North Ryde, NSW, Australia). Samples were stored in 15 mL screw cap digestion tubes containing lids that are certified trace metal free (DKSH, Hallam, Victoria, Australia) at −20 °C until later analysis using ICP-MS).

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was supplied by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) with the average molecular weight (MW) of 4000 g.mol⁻¹ and with a purity of 99%. Sodium sulfate (>99%) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium sulfate was selected concerning the desired pH (pH = 6.5–7) for vanillin extraction. Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde) with a purity of 99% and dextran (MW = 15000, Purity> 99%) were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Multi-wall carbon nanotube (outer diameter = 10–20 nm, inner diameter = 5–10 nm, maximum length = 30 µm, Purity>95%) was provided by Neutrino company (Tehran, Iran). Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄, Purity> 99%) and nitric acid (HNO₃, Purity> 99% wt) were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) for the functionalization of carbon nanotubes. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (n-ZnO, Purity> 99%) (US Research Nanomaterials, Inc), single-walled Carbon Nanotubes (n-SWCNT, Purity>95%) (US Research Nanomaterials, Inc), titanium dioxide nanoparticles (n-TiO₂, Purity> 99%) (Aeroxide P25, Degussa Evonik), Iron oxide nanoparticle (n-Fe₂O₃, Purity>95%wt) (US Research Nanomaterials, Inc) were used as received. Distilled water was produced by the laboratory equipment (RO-LAB, DW65), applying twice distillation reverse osmosis.

Silver nitrate (AgNO₃) (99.9%) and ruthenium red (RR) was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (United States). AgNPs were provided by nanoComposix (United States) as aqueous suspensions [citrate coated, mass concentration (Ag) 0.02 mg/mL] of the size 10 nm (9.4 ± 1.7 nm, AgNP-10). Cis-Platinum (II) diamine dichloride (cisPt) was purchased from Enzo Life Sciences GmbH (Lörrach, Germany). Nitric acid (HNO₃) was purchased from Merck (Germany). M12 medium and PBS compositions were shown in Supplementary Table S1. For washing purposes 18.2 MΩ⋅cm water (MilliQ, Germany) was used.