Stannous chloride sncl2 2h2o

For synthesis of FTPA, all the reagents were purchased from Aladdin and Energy chemical (China). For perovskite fabrication, Formamidinium iodide (FAI, ≥99.5%) and Methylammonium bromide (MABr, ≥99.5%) were purchased from Hangzhou Perovs Optoelectronic Technology Corp (China). Methylammonium chloride (MACl, ≥99.5%), lead bromide (PbBr₂, 99.99%), 2,2’,7,7’-tetrakis (N,N-di-pmethoxyphenylamine)−9,9’-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD, >99.8%), lithiumbis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide salt(Li-TFSI, ≥99%), FK209-Co(III)-TFSI (≥99%) were purchased from Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Corp (China). Lead iodide (PbI₂, 99.99%), azodiisobutyronitrile (AIBN, ≥98%), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, >99.5%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, >99.0%), chlorobenzene (CB, >98.0%), ethyl acetate (EA, >99.5%), isopropanol (IPA, >99.5%), acetonitrile (ACN, >99.5%), urea (>99.0%), and 4-tert-butyl-pyridine (TBP, >96.0%) were purchased from TCI Shanghai (China). Stannous chloride SnCl₂·2H₂O (99.99%), thioglycolic acid (TGA, 98%), and urea (≥99.5%) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (USA). All materials were used as received without further modifications.

To study the effect of dopants on the sensing characteristics of SnO₂, SnO₂ was doped with Cr and Ni, while commercial grade SnO₂ (Sigma Aldrich) was used as a reference material. To synthesize doped SnO₂, anhydrous nickel chloride (NiCl₂), stannous chloride (SnCl₂.2H₂O), and organic solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Deionized water (DI, Millipore, 18 MΩ-cm) was used to synthesize this material. The chlorpyrifos (C₉H₁₁C_l3NO₃PS) was purchased from Merck in Germany.

^99mTc was eluted from a Mo-99/Tc-99m PAKGEN generator obtained from the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), Islamabad, Pakistan. All chemicals such as stannous chloride (SnCl₂.2H₂O), sodium acetate, ethanol, ammonium hydroxide, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), acetonitrile, acetone, and hydrochloric acid were of analytical grade and obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany. Ertapenem injection (INVANZ^® manufactured by MSD) in the form of sodium salt was obtained from the local pharmacy. Instant thin-layer chromatographic (ITLC-SG) sheets were purchased from Agilent Technology (Germany). Normal saline was prepared indigenously, and Milli-Q water (resistivity 18.2 MΩ cm at 25°C) was obtained from a Direct-Q system (Millipore) and used for the preparation of buffer solutions. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterial strains were obtained from the Department of Microbiology, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Albino white rats (130—150 g) and rabbits (1.25–1.5 kg), were obtained from the Department of Physiology, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan, to perform biodistribution and scintigraphy following the guidelines devised by the Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINUM), Faisalabad, and the FELASA standards (Guillen, 2012 (link)).