Ammonium chloride nh4cl

CNN and isomaltitol were produced by Hayashibara Co. Ltd (Okayama, Japan). D-(+)-mannose, D-(+)-glucosamine, hydrochloride theophylline, ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl), and L-DOPA (3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). LY294002 was obtained from Calbiochem (Darmstadt, Germany). α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Kojic acid (5-hydroxy -2-(hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4-one) was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Rabbit anti-tyrosinase, rabbit anti-TRP1, rabbit anti-TRP-2, and rat anti-LAMP-1 antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz (Dallas, Texas). Rabbit anti-Pmel17(gp100) antibody was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Mouse anti-Pmel17(HMB45) antibody and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibodies were purchased from Dako (Glostrup, Denmark). Mouse anti-MITF antibody was purchased from Exalpha Biologicals (Shirley, MA). Mouse anti-actin antibody was purchased from EMD Millipore (Temecula, CA). Alexa Fluor 594- and Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated secondary antibodies were purchased from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA). Leupeptin and pepstatin were obtained from Peptide Institute, Inc. (Osaka, Japan). Complete EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Cocktail was purchased from Roche Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland).

PTE, green tea extract (GTE), and black tea extract (BTE) were kindly supplied by the China Academy of Pu-Erh Tea Research [21 (link), 22 (link)]. These extracts were dissolved in distilled water and adjusted to pH 7.4 with 1 M NaOH. Ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl), a lysosomal inhibitor, was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Lactacystin (Calbiochem, Bad Soden, Germany) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Sodium arsenite solution was purchased from EMD Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany). Anti-FUS/TLS, anti-LDLR (low density lipoprotein receptor), anti-TDP-43, anti-V5, anti-β-actin, and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA), Abnova (Taipei City, Taiwan), Cell Signaling Technology (Beverley, MA), Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA), Sigma (St. Louis, MO), and Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA), respectively. Anti-EWS and anti-TAF15 were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverley, MA). The SOD1 antibody was a kind gift from Dr. Noriko Fujiwara.