purchased from Acros Organics (Belgium), Merck (Germany), Sigma-Aldrich
(USA), Guangdong Guanghua (China), and Chemsol (Vietnam) and used
without further purification unless otherwise stated.
Thin-layer
chromatography was conducted on silica gel 60 F254, and
the spots were located under UV light (254 nm). The uncorrected melting
points were conducted in open capillaries on a Krüss Optronic
M5000 melting point meter (Germany). The UV–vis spectra were
recorded on a UV–vis Metash UV-5100 spectrophotometer or JASCO
V-630 UV–vis spectrophotometer. The NMR spectra were measured
using either a Bruker Advanced 500 or 600 MHz NMR spectrometer in
(CD3)2SO. The chemical shifts (δ) were
expressed in ppm and referred to the residual peak of tetramethylsilane
as an internal standard. The IR spectra were recorded on a Bruker
Tensor 27 FTIR spectrometer or PerkinElmer Frontier FTIR spectrometer
by using KBr pellets. The high-resolution mass spectra were measured
on the Agilent 6200 series TOF and 6500 series Q-TOF LC/MS system.
The purity of all tested compounds was >95% according to HPLC performed
on the Shimadzu SPD-20A HPLC system (Shimadzu, Japan) equipped with
a BDS Hypersil C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) or the Agilent
1290 Infinity equipped with a Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 column (250
× 4.6 mm, 5 μm).