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Model s48

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The Model S48 is a compact and versatile lab equipment designed for general laboratory use. It features a robust construction and precise temperature control for consistent and reliable performance. The core function of the Model S48 is to provide a controlled environment for various laboratory applications.

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Lab products found in correlation

Model 701c, by Aurora Scientific (1 mentions) Model 809b, by Aurora Scientific (1 mentions)

4 protocols using model s48

1

Diaphragm, EDL, and Soleus Muscle Contractility

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Mice were euthanized by exsanguination and the entire diaphragm EDL or soleus was surgically excised. Isometric contractile properties were assessed as described elsewhere (100 (link)). The excised diaphragm strip, EDL, and soleus were mounted into jacketed tissue bath chambers filled with equilibrated and oxygenated Krebs solution. The muscles were supramaximally stimulated using square wave pulses (Model S48; Grass Instruments). The force-frequency relationship was determined by sequentially stimulating the muscles for 600 ms at 10, 20, 30, 50, 60, 80, 100, and 120 Hz with 1 minute between each stimulation train (53 (link)). After measurement of contractile properties, muscles were measured at the length at which the muscle produced maximal isometric tension, dried, and weighed. For comparative purposes, muscle force production was normalized for total muscle strip CSA and expressed in N/cm2. The total muscle strip CSA was determined by dividing muscle weight by its length and tissue density (1.056 g/cm3).
Dridi H., Liu X., Yuan Q., Reiken S., Yehya M., Sittenfeld L., Apostolou P., Buron J., Sicard P., Matecki S., Thireau J., Menuet C., Lacampagne A, & Marks A.R. (2020). Role of defective calcium regulation in cardiorespiratory dysfunction in Huntington’s disease. JCI Insight, 5(19), e140614.
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2

Measuring Muscle Contractile Properties

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The entire soleus or EDL was isolated from the hindlimbs and mounted between a lever arm of a position feedback servomotor (model 6650LR, Aurora Scientific, Aurora, ON, Canada) to measure isometric contractile properties at 28 °C, as previously described [18 (link)]. The muscle was stretched at L0 (the length at which the muscle produced maximal isometric tension) and then was supramaximally stimulated using square wave pulses (Model S48; Grass Instruments, West Warwick, RI, USA). The force–frequency relationship was determined by sequential stimulation of the muscles for 600 ms at 10, 20, 30, 50, 60, 80, 100, and 120 Hz with 1 min intervals between each stimulation train. Muscle fatigue was assessed by measuring the rate of muscle force loss during repetitive 2 ms-pulse stimulation every second at 30 Hz for 300 ms, over a 5 min period. The muscle cross-sectional area was determined by dividing the muscle’s weight by their length at L0 and tissue density (1.056 g/cm3). EDL or Soleus force production was then normalized to the muscle cross-sectional area to determine their specific force, expressed in newton per square centimeter (N·cm−2).
Yehya M., Boulghobra D., Grillet P.E., Fleitas-Paniagua P.R., Bideaux P., Gayrard S., Sicard P., Thireau J., Reboul C, & Cazorla O. (2023). Natural Extracts Mitigate the Deleterious Effects of Prolonged Intense Physical Exercise on the Cardiovascular and Muscular Systems. Antioxidants, 12(7), 1474.
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3

Comparative Electrical Seizure Threshold

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Testing was conducted with transcorneal electrodes and a Grass stimulator (Model S48) at 6 Hz, with 0.2-ms pulse width, 3.0-second shock duration, and constant voltage. Mice received a drop of an anesthetic solution (0.5% tetracaine in saline) on each eye prior to the stimulus. Each mouse was tested once, at a single current.
ECT severity was scored as: 0 = no seizure, 1 = stunned, 2 = partial seizure (jaw chomping, limb clonus, tail and/or body tremors), 3 = generalized seizure (hyperexcitability, rearing, falling on side). While the animals tested with ECT were genetically identical to those tested with pilocarpine, individual mice were tested either for ECT or for pilocarpine.
We examined dose-response curves over a range of currents to determine whether 6Hz ECT susceptibility paralleled pilocarpine susceptibility in in CSS10, A/J and B6 strains. We also sought to identify the best current for subsequent fine mapping studies in ISCS. In pilot studies, the CSS10 strain response to ECT paralleled the A/J response, and differed dramatically from that of B6 animals at 16mA current (see Results). We therefore characterized congenic strain ECT susceptibility at 16mA.
Winawer M.R., Klassen T.L., Teed S., Shipman M., Leung E.H, & Palmer A.A. (2014). A locus on mouse Ch10 influences susceptibility to limbic seizure severity: fine mapping and in silico candidate gene analysis. Genes, brain, and behavior, 13(3), 341-349.
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4

In Situ Muscle Contractility Measurements

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Control and tumor-bearing mice were anesthetized with urethane and placed in a supine position on an in situ apparatus (model 809B, Aurora Scientific). The sciatic nerve was exposed above the knee joint and the uninsulated end of a stainless steel wire electrode (Biomed Wire AS 631, Cooner Wire Co.) was placed in contact with the nerve. The other end of the wire was connected to a stimulator (model 701C, Aurora Scientific) which was gated with another stimulator (Grass Technologies, model S48). The knee was clamped and the skin overlying the tibialis anterior was cut. The distal tendon of the muscle was glued to a wire which was hooked to the arm of a force transducer (model S100-5N, Strain Measurement Devices, Wallingford CT) that was connected to a custom-built power supply/amplifier. The muscle was set to the length at which the greatest peak twitch force was generated. The stimulation and recording protocols were identical to the protocol used to determine in vitro contractile properties. Muscle cross-sectional area was determined as in the in vitro muscle measurements. Core temperature of the mouse was maintained with a heating pad.
Norden D.M., Bicer S., Clark Y., Jing R., Henry C.J., Wold L.E., Reiser P.J., Godbout J.P, & McCarthy D.O. (2014). Tumor Growth Increases Neuroinflammation, Fatigue and Depressive-like Behavior Prior to Alterations in Muscle Function. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 0, 76-85.
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