Fluoranthene

Acetonitrile, dichloromethane, n-hexane, and toluene, all of HPLC grade, were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Deionized water was obtained by using a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Silica cartridges for SPE (5 g, 20 mL and 2 g, 12 mL, Mega Bond Elut) and amino cartridges (5 g, 20 mL) were from Varian (Palo Alto, CA, USA). The standard PAHs mixture, 610 M, in 1 mL of methanol/dichloromethane (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA) consisted of: acenaphthene (1000 μg/mL, 99.0%), fluoranthene (200 μg/mL, 99.0%), naphthalene (1000 μg/mL, 96.9%), BaA (100 μg/mL, 99.0%), BbF (200 μg/mL, 99.1%), BaP (100 μg/mL, 99.5%), BkF (100 μg/mL, 99.6%), Ch (100 μg/mL, 99.0%), acenaphthylene (2000 μg/mL, 99.0%), anthracene (100 μg/mL, 99.0%), BghiP (200 μg/mL, 99.0%), fluorene (200 μg/mL), phenanthrene (100 μg/mL, 97.2%), DBahA (200 μg/mL, 96.7%), IP (100 μg/mL, 99.7%), and pyrene (100 μg/mL, 97.4%).

3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS), Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), methoxyamine hydrochloride, N, O-bis trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), pyridine (anhydrous 99.8%), methanesulfonic acid glucose, gallic acid, rutin, Trolox and ascorbic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fluoranthene was purchased from Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA). All chemicals and reagents used in this study were of analytical grade.

Kraft lignin (Domtar BioChoice^TM), which was precipitated from Kraft black liquor of pine wood using the LignoBoost^® process, was used in this work. Aqueous hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, 30% in water, AnalaR NORMAPUR^®, Merck), stabilized aqueous H₂O₂ (30% in water, AnalaR NORMAPUR^®, Merck, stabilizer: sodium pyrophosphate 0.02%), sodium hydroxide (≥ 99%, Merck), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄, 25%, Carl Roth), sodium tungstate dihydrate (Na₂WO₄·2H₂O, 99%, VWR), methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK, 100%, GPC RECTAPUR^®, VWR), sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄, ≥ 99%, EMSURE^® Merck), and acetone (99%, VWR) were applied during lignin oxidation or fractionation experiments. Fluoranthene (100%, Supelco^®) was applied in GC analysis. If not otherwise stated, all chemicals were used without further purification.

Standards PAH mix, including 16 mentioned PAHs (benzo(a)pyrene [BaP], acenaphthylene [Ace], naphthalene [NA], fluorene [F], acenaphthene [Ac], phenanthrene [Pa], fluoranthene [Fl], anthracene [A], benzo(a)anthracene [BaA], pyrene [P], benzo(b)fluoranthene [BbF], chrysene [Ch], benzo(k)fluoranthene [BkF], dibenzo[a,h]anthracene [DhA], indeno[1,2,3‐cd]pyrene [IP] and benzo[g,h,i]perylene [BgP]) was purchased from Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, U. S.). The standard solutions were prepared in dichloromethane, with all mentioned PAHs concentration of 0.1 mg/ml. Stock standard solutions were mixed with methanol‐dichloromethane (50:50, v/v) every week for the preparation of a working mixed solution (1 µg/ml for each mentioned PAHs) which was used to measure the extraction performance under various conditions. The working and stock solutions were preserved at 4°C and biphenyl was used as an internal standard at a concentration of 0.05 µg/ml in methanol. Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes were purchased from Hanwha Nanotech (MWCNT CM‐95, Korea) and the adsorbent of MWCNT‐MNP was prepared as described previously (Rastkari & Ahmadkhaniha, 2013). All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade.

Analytical grade reagents were used throughout the analysis. Standard mixture (QTM PAH Mix standard) containing sixteen PAHs, including naphthalene (NAP) acenaphthylene (ACY), acenaphthene (ACE), fluorene (FLU), phenanthrene (PHE), anthracene (ANT),fluoranthene (FLT), pyrene (PYR), benz(a)anthracene (B[a]A), chrysene (CHR), benzo(b + k)fluoranthene (B[b+k]F), benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]P), indeno(1.2.3.cd)pyrene (IND), dibenz(a.h)anthracene(DbA), benzo(g.h.i)perylene (B[g]P) and an alkylated PAH 2-bromonapthalene (BNAP) was purchased from Supelco Sigma-Aldrich Pty. Ltd (NSW, Australia).
All the reagents and reference standards used are the same as those reported earlier by Duodu et al. [1] (link).