To characterize the cloud stability, the lily juice sample 3 mL was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was diluted 10 times with deionized water. The absorbance value of the diluted supernatant was measured at 660 nm using a UV-2600 ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu Enterprise Management Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), and the absorbance of deionized water was considered as a blank reference during the spectrophotometric analysis [28 (link)].
Uv 2600 ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer
Manufactured by Shimadzu
Sourced in Japan
The Shimadzu UV-2600 is an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. It measures the absorption or transmission of light in the ultraviolet and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The instrument is designed to analyze the optical properties of various samples, including liquids, solids, and gases.
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6 protocols using uv 2600 ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer
1
Cloud Stability Analysis of Lily Juice
2
Emulsification Properties Measurement Protocol
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The emulsification properties were measured according to the method of Josaé et al. (Lopes-da-Silva & Monteiro, 2019 (link)) and it was slightly modified, the analysis was conducted with the UV-2600 ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). In brief, the emulsions in Section 2.2.2 were diluted 1000 times (v/v) with 0.1% SDS solution, and the absorbance values (A0) were measured at 500 nm. The emulsions were left undisturbed for 30 min, and the absorbance values (A30) were measured again. The emulsifying activity index (EAI) and the emulsifying stability index (ESI) were measured according to the following formula:
Where A0 represents the absorbance values at 0 min (500 nm), A30 represents the absorbance values at 30 min (500 nm), DF is the dilution factor (1000), C is the initial protein concentration (1.00 g/100 mL), ϕ is the optical path (0.01 m), and θ is the fraction of the oil phase (0.20).
Where A0 represents the absorbance values at 0 min (500 nm), A30 represents the absorbance values at 30 min (500 nm), DF is the dilution factor (1000), C is the initial protein concentration (1.00 g/100 mL), ϕ is the optical path (0.01 m), and θ is the fraction of the oil phase (0.20).
3
Synthesis and Characterization of Quantum Dots
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Nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical precipitation
method. For this purpose, three solutions
of cadmium chloride (CdCl2.4H2O), mercaptoethanol
(ME) and sodium selenite (Na2SeO3.5H2O)
were prepared in the distilled deionized water, under
vigorous stirring (all chemicals were purchased
from Merck Chemical Co., USA). At first, CdCl2 solution was poured into a three spout balloon container
that was followed by adding ME solution
and sodium selenite solution, respectively, to the
same balloon under controlled atmospheric condition
with nitrogen (N2). The resulting solution
was mixed with deionized water and centrifuged
in order to remove any impurities. Then, the precipitated
sample was dried at room temperature.
All processes were done at room temperature (12 ).
The crystal structure and optical properties of QDs
were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern
using Cu Kα radiation (λ= 0.154 nm) by a Bruker
D8 advance XRD machine (Karlsruhe, Germany)
and UV-2600 ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer
(Shimadzu, Japan). A scanning tunneling microscope
(STM, Natsico, Iran) was also used for investigation
of particle size distribution.
method. For this purpose, three solutions
of cadmium chloride (CdCl2.4H2O), mercaptoethanol
(ME) and sodium selenite (Na2SeO3.5H2O)
were prepared in the distilled deionized water, under
vigorous stirring (all chemicals were purchased
from Merck Chemical Co., USA). At first, CdCl2 solution was poured into a three spout balloon container
that was followed by adding ME solution
and sodium selenite solution, respectively, to the
same balloon under controlled atmospheric condition
with nitrogen (N2). The resulting solution
was mixed with deionized water and centrifuged
in order to remove any impurities. Then, the precipitated
sample was dried at room temperature.
All processes were done at room temperature (12 ).
The crystal structure and optical properties of QDs
were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern
using Cu Kα radiation (λ= 0.154 nm) by a Bruker
D8 advance XRD machine (Karlsruhe, Germany)
and UV-2600 ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer
(Shimadzu, Japan). A scanning tunneling microscope
(STM, Natsico, Iran) was also used for investigation
of particle size distribution.
4
Leaf Functional Trait Measurement Protocol
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The 10–20 newly-fully expanded healthy leaves were randomly sampled per species per treatment, stored in zipped plastic bags, and quickly taken back to the laboratory, in an insulated box with ice packs, for leaf functional traits measurements. Leaves were weighed with an analytical balance (d = 0.0001 g). The fresh leaves were scanned (Epson duplex scanner, Epson, Tokyo, Japan), and the leaf area was derived using ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Then, leaves were oven-dried at 75 °C for 24 h and ground with a high-throughput tissue grinder (MM-400, Retsch, Haan, Germany). Specific leaf area (SLA, m2 g–1) was calculated as leaf area divided by leaf dry mass. Leaf dry matter content (LDMC, g g–1) was calculated as leaf dry mass divided by fresh mass. After digestion with H2SO4-HClO4, the mass-based leaf N concentration (Nmass) was obtained using a Kjeldahl N analyzer (FOSS-8400, Foss, Höganäs, Denmark). The mass-based leaf P concentration (Pmass) was determined by a molybdenum blue colorimetry (UV-2600 ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). Nmass/Pmass ratio was then calculated.
5
Comprehensive Characterization of Reduced Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots
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Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was obtained using a VERTEX 80V FT-IR spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA). FT-IR samples were prepared by mixing the powders of KBr and R-CDs in a ratio of 1:150. The obtained mixture was made into tablets. TEM (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) samples were prepared by dropping the aqueous solution containing R-CDs onto carbon-coated grids and allowing the excess solvent to evaporate. The structure of the as-prepared R-CDs was characterized by XRD-6000 (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). The fluorescence measurements were performed with a fluorescence spectrophotometer RF-5301PC (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). The samples were excited from 360 to 420 nm, and the emission spectrum in the range of 220 to 900 nm was measured. The slit width was fixed at 10 nm for emission. The ultraviolet–visible (UV–VIS) spectra were recorded on a UV-2600 ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan), with scanning wavelength ranging from 200 nm to 800 nm using a xenon lamp and a tungsten lamp.
6
Characterization of Transparent Electrodes
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The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were taken by a Hitachi Regulus8100 field-emission SEM, and the morphology was observed with an Olympus 3D confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) OLS5000 (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The flexible performance of the transparent electrode was measured using a CRYSCO bending life tester (Guangzhou Jinghe Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China). The sheet resistance was tested by a Guangzhou Four-Probe Technology RTS-9 double-electric four-probe tester. The electrical stability was measured using a National Instruments PXIe-1071 dual-channel high-precision electrical performance tester and microprobe station. The transmittance of the sample and the transmission spectrum were achieved using a Shimadzu UV-2600 ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. The composition and crystal structure of the sample were analyzed using a PANalytical Empyrean X-ray diffractometer (XRD). A Nexsa X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA) was used for X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS).
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