Acqknowledge 4

Manufactured by Biopac

Sourced in United States, Canada

AcqKnowledge 4.1 is a comprehensive data acquisition and analysis software developed by Biopac. It provides a platform for recording, visualizing, and processing physiological data from a variety of sources. The software offers a range of tools for signal acquisition, analysis, and reporting, enabling researchers and clinicians to effectively manage and interpret their experimental data.

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108 protocols using acqknowledge 4

Emotional Responses: Subjective and Physiological Measures

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In the present study, we measured emotional responses with both subjective and objective measures. We used the paper version of the Self-Assessment Manikin [27 (link)] for the participants to rate the valence, arousal and motivation, including their ratings of (1) how happy or unhappy they were, (2) how calm or aroused they were, and (3) their desire to approach or avoid the scenes in the video clips. A 9-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 9 (very much) was used. We selected Heart Rate (HR) as the physiological response because it is currently the most common autonomic nervous system marker of emotional processing [28 (link)]. The HR was collected on a BIOPAC MP150 system with the AcqKnowledge 4.0 (BIOPAC Systems Inc). HR was assessed using a three-lead ECG, with a lead II configuration and analyzed offline using AcqKnowledge 4.0 software (BIOPAC Systems Inc).

Deng Y., Chang L., Yang M., Huo M, & Zhou R. (2016). Gender Differences in Emotional Response: Inconsistency between Experience and Expressivity. PLoS ONE, 11(6), e0158666.

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Continuous Monitoring of Physiological Signals

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Physiological signals were recorded continuously throughout the entire experimental session and task periods were defined using digital triggers. HR was measured by means of an ECG device (AccuSync^® 72, Milford, Connecticut, USA) using a modified Einthoven II-point lead. The ECG was recorded using Ambu BlueSensor^® electrodes (Ballerup Sogn, Denmark) with a sampling rate of 1,000 Hz. The signal was recorded with the software AcqKnowledge^® 4.3 (Biopac Systems Inc., Goleta, California, USA). HR and HRV were analyzed offline with Kubios premium software [vers. 3.2; University of Finland (34 (link))], thereby applying artifact correction if necessary. LF-HRV and HF-HRV as a sensitive indicator of vagally-mediated HRV [e.g., (4 (link), 35 (link))] were analyzed. HRV variables were log-transformed prior to analysis to account for skewness.
Continuous blood pressure (SBP; diastolic blood pressure, DBP) was measured by non-invasive measurement of arterial finger BP using the Finometer^® PRO (Finapres Medical Systems, Amsterdam). The signal was recorded using the software BeatScope^® Easy (v2.10). After visual inspection, mean SBP and DBP were calculated for each task period for each participant. Table 1 shows M and SD for all interventions and all physiological variables.

Tanzmeister S., Rominger C., Weber B., Tatschl J.M, & Schwerdtfeger A.R. (2022). Singing at 0.1 Hz as a Resonance Frequency Intervention to Reduce Cardiovascular Stress Reactivity?. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 876344.

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Local Cerebral Blood Flow and Vital Signs in Anaesthetized Rats

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In a designated series of experiments, the effects of IQ-1SonLCBF, heart rate, and mean arterial blood pressure in anaesthetized rats were studied on day 5 after GCI. For induction of anesthesia, diethyl ether was administered. General anesthesia was maintained with sodium thiopental i.v. through the catheter in femoral vein (at a dose of 25 mg/kg/h).
LCBF was assessed by laser-Doppler flowmetry within the primary visual cortex V1M (primary visual cortex, monocular area). The level of LCBF was registered using a data acquisition system MP150 with LDF100C module and a TSD144 fiber-optic needle-type surface sensor (25 mm × 1 mm (d)). The skin was moved apart with a retractor, and a hole with a diameter of 1.5 mm was drilled into the skull without breaking the dura mater integrity. The sensor for measuring the LCBF was installed using a special balancer-holder tool.
Mean arterial blood pressure was registered using a data acquisition system MP150 with MPMS200 and probe TSD280 femoral artery. Heart rate was calculated based on the curve of blood pressure changes. The obtained data were processed with “AcqKnowledge 4.3” software (Biopac Systems, Inc., Goleta, CA, USA).

Plotnikov M.B., Chernysheva G.A., Aliev O.I., Smol’iakova V.I., Fomina T.I., Osipenko A.N., Rydchenko V.S., Anfinogenova Y.J., Khlebnikov A.I., Schepetkin I.A, & Atochin D.N. (2019). Protective Effects of a New C-Jun N-terminal Kinase Inhibitor in the Model of Global Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. Molecules, 24(9), 1722.

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Saccadic Eye Movements in Auditory Spatial Attention

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Participants were tested in a sound attenuated, darkened room, and seated comfortably approximately 1.5 m directly in front of five speakers (Hafler M5 Reference) positioned on stands at approximately eye-level. Speakers were positioned in a semi-circular array at 0° (i.e., directly in front of) and at 15° and 30° to the left and right of participant. Auditory fixation at the central location was a 500 Hz pure tone, and peripheral targets emitted from side speakers were white noise (similar to Shafiq et al., 1998 (link)). All stimuli were played at a comfortable listening level (approximately 60 dBA).
Saccadic eye movements were recorded using electrooculography (EOG) via a Biopac EOG100C amplifier at a sampling rate of 500 Hz. Two 4mm reusable Ag/AgCL shielded electrodes (Biopac EL254S) filled with conductive gel (5% NaCl, 0.85 molar NaCl) were applied at the lateral canthi of the left and right eye. Hardware gain was set to 5000 (corresponding to an input gain of ±2 mV), and filter bandwidth was set to 0.05–35Hz prior to digitization. Data were acquired using AcqKnowledge 4.3 software (Biopac Systems, Inc).

Keehn B., Kadlaskar G., Bergmann S., McNally Keehn R, & Francis A. (2021). Attentional Disengagement and the Locus Coeruleus – Norepinephrine System in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 15, 716447.

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Skin Conductance Response Measurement

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Skin conductance response to the CS+ and CS– was one measure of fear acquisition and extinction. SCR was recorded from two Ag/AgCl electrodes from the middle and ring finger of the nondominant hand, using a BioPac MP150 system (GSR100C; Biopac Systems, Goleta, CA) together with AcqKnowledge 4.3 (Biopac) software continuously sampled skin conductance data at 1,000 Hz.

Michalska K.J., Machlin L., Moroney E., Lowet D.S., Hettema J.M., Roberson-Nay R., Averbeck B.B., Brotman M.A., Nelson E.E., Leibenluft E, & Pine D.S. (2017). Anxiety symptoms and children’s eye gaze during fear learning. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 58(11), 1276-1286.

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Facial Muscle Activity Monitoring during Auditory Cues

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During the JBT, electromyography (EMG) signals were recorded simultaneously from the left CS and ZM muscles following a standard procedure^{46 (link)} with Biopac MP150 system and Acqknowledge 4.3 (Biopac System Inc.). Participants were instructed not to talk or move their heads during recording. To conceal the purpose of the experiment, participants were told that the recording was to monitor the electrical activity of the brain (rather than facial muscles).
Parameters of data collection and raw data preprocessing were adopted from Sun, et al.^{47 (link)}. Data were processed using MATLAB (www.mathworks.com). Continuous data were segmented from 0.4 seconds before and 1.0 second after auditory cue onset. For each participant, trials with a baseline amplitude greater than 2 SDs from the mean amplitude of all baselines were eliminated^{48 (link)}. To acquire reliable averaged EMG signals, we require a minimum of 25 trials for each type of cue. Therefore, participants with more than 30% eliminated trials from any one type of cue were excluded from subsequent EMG analysis. Mean EMG amplitudes during each 100-ms time bin were expressed as a percentage change from the baseline to standardize individual differences in absolute EMG amplitudes.

Lin X.X., Sun Y.B., Wang Y.Z., Fan L., Wang X., Wang N., Luo F, & Wang J.Y. (2019). Ambiguity Processing Bias Induced by Depressed Mood Is Associated with Diminished Pleasantness. Scientific Reports, 9, 18726.

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Measuring Physiological Synchrony during Block-Pull Task

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We recorded the ECGs using a BIOPAC system (MP150/ECG100C, BIOPAC Systems Inc.) to measure inter-beat intervals (IBIs). The sampling rate was 1000 Hz. R-wave detection was performed with AcqKnowledge 4.3 (BIOPAC Systems Inc.), then IBIs (in milliseconds) were calculated. The IBI data were pre-processed with MATLAB (MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA) for subsequent analysis. The time series for IBIs were spline-resampled at 100 Hz, which was used for the analysis of physiological coupling. For analysis of physiological arousal, these interpolated IBIs were converted to heart rate values, which were expressed as beats per minute (BPM). Block-pull timing was detected from the recorded video; 25 s of interpolated IBIs and heart rates, 3 s before that timing, were used for analyses of physiological synchrony and arousal (see Fig. 1).

Murata A., Nomura K., Watanabe J, & Kumano S. (2021). Interpersonal physiological synchrony is associated with first person and third person subjective assessments of excitement during cooperative joint tasks. Scientific Reports, 11, 12543.

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Invasive Cardiovascular Monitoring in Mice

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Blood pressure and heart rate were measured in a subset of mice (n = 4–10/group) via an indwelling carotid artery catheter connected to a strain gauge-type transducer and a blood pressure analyzer (MP36R, Biopac Systems, Inc. Goleta, CA, USA), similar to our previous studies [12 (link),21 (link)]. Blood pressure and heart rate were continuously recorded for at least 10 min, with average values during this period reported. Blood pressure and heart rate recordings were analyzed for indices of cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic tone using frequency-domain spectral analysis methods (Acqknowledge 4 software, Biopac Systems, Inc.).

Miller A.J., Bingaman S.S., Mehay D., Medina D, & Arnold A.C. (2020). Angiotensin-(1-7) Improves Integrated Cardiometabolic Function in Aged Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(14), 5131.

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Intestinal Motility Measurement in Rats

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A total of 36 rats were used in the analysis of intestinal motility; the animals were divided into the following 9 groups: 24h-Sh, 24h . A resting tension of 1 g was applied to the tissues, and isometric responses were recorded with a force transducer and displayed using AcqKnowledge 4 software (BIOPAC Systems, Inc., USA). The tissues were allowed to equilibrate for at least 60 min before the experiments, and amplitude-response curves were obtained before, during, and after the addition of carbachol (0.01 µM, 0.1 µM, 1.0 µM, 10 µM and 100 µM; Sigma Aldrich). In addition, contractile responses were elicited by electrical eld stimulation delivered at 5, 10 and 20 Hz (0.5-ms pulse width, 100 pulses, 60 V). Before the experiments were started, the viability of each preparation was con rmed by testing its contractile response to acetylcholine [29, 31] .

Mendes C.E., Palombit K., Pereira T.T.A., & Castelucci P. (2022). Effects of the pannexin-1 hemichannel inhibitor probenecid on rat enteric glial cells following intestinal ischemia and reperfusion.

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Bladder Perfusion and Pressure Monitoring

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Using the previously developed system (Fig. 2), bladders were perfused with KH buffer gassed with 95%/5% O₂/CO₂ in a humidified and heated reservoir¹⁵. Perfusate was pumped through an in-line Transpac IV pressure transducer (ICU Medical) and an in-line ultrasonic flowmeter (IUF-1000, Radnoti LLC) as previously described¹⁵. Buffer was pumped through the bilaterally cannulated vesical arteries, and perfusion was maintained at 4mL/min based on prior study data¹⁵. A T-DOC® 7F single sensor air charged bladder catheter permitted both measurement of intravesical pressure and bladder filling at 50ml/min. Data acquisition was performed using the Aquarius TT and a BIOPAC MP150 transducer with Acqknowledge 4.2 software (BIOPAC Systems).

Balthazar A., Cullingsworth Z.E., Nandanan N., Anele U., Swavely N.R., Speich J.E, & Klausner A.P. (2019). An External Compress-Release Protocol Induces Dynamic Elasticity in the Porcine Bladder: A Novel Technique for the Treatment of Overactive Bladder?. Neurourology and urodynamics, 38(5), 1222-1228.

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