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21 protocols using anti caveolin 1

1

Antibody Staining and Analysis

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3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Milan, Italy). The following rabbit polyclonal antibodies (Abs) were used: Anti-histone H3 (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), anti-COX IV (1:250; Cell Signaling Technology) and anti-caveolin-1 (1:400; Cell Signaling Technology). The following mouse monoclonal Abs were used: anti-TRPML1 (clone F-10, 1:300 for Western blot, 1:50 for FACS analysis; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), anti-TRPML2 (1:300 for Western blot; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-LAMP1 (1:300; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-calreticulin (1:1000; BD Biosciences, Milan, Italy) and anti-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (anti-GAPDH, 14C10, 1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology). anti-TRPML2 from Sigma Aldrich was used diluted 1:50 for FACS analysis.
The following secondary antibodies were used: horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-mouse IgG and HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (1:2000; Cell Signaling Technology), FITC-conjugated anti-rabbit Ab (BD Biosciences), PE-conjugated anti-mouse Ab (BD Biosciences, Milan, Italy), Alexa Fluor-594-conjugated anti-mouse Ab (1:100; Invitrogen, San Diego, CA, USA), Alexa Fluor-488-conjugated anti-mouse Ab (1:100; Invitrogen) and Alexa Fluor-488-conjugated anti-rabbit Ab (1:100; Invitrogen).
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2

Western Blot Analysis of Cellular Proteins

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Cells were washed once with ice cold PBS on ice, then lysed in 2x Laemmli Sample buffer, scraped and sonicated. All of the samples were boiled for 6 minutes at 100°C and analyzed by Western blotting. Protein samples were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to 0.20 µM pore size nitrocellulose membrane with Trans-Blot® Turbo™ Transfer System, 1.3 A, 25V for 10 minutes. The membranes were then blocked with 5% (w/v) nonfat dry-milk powder solution in TBS-Tween 20 (TBST) and incubated with specific primary antibodies overnight at 4°C. The primary antibodies used in this study were as follows: anti-Hsp90 (Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 4874), anti-caveolin-1 (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 3238), β-tubulin (BD Biosciences, Cat# 556321), anti-dynamin II (BD Biosciences, Cat# 610263). After incubation with the primary antibodies, the membranes were washed three times for 10 minutes with TBST and incubated with horseradish-peroxidase (HRP) conjugated anti-mouse (Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 7076) or anti-rabbit (Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 7074) secondary antibodies. Immunoreactive proteins were visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) using autoradiography films. ImageJ software (Research Services Branch, National Institute of Health (Bethesda, MD) was used for densitometric analyses.
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3

Comprehensive Skin Histomorphometry Analysis

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Full-thickness back skin was either fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and paraffin embedded or frozen in optimal cutting temperature compound (Sakura, Torrance, CA). 4-μm paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or with anti-F4/80 (ab6640, Abcam, Cambridge, MA), anti-Ly-6B.2 alloantigen (MCA771GA, AbD Serotec, Oxford, UK), anti-trichohyalin (ab58755, Abcam) and anti-Iba1 (019-19741, Wako Chemicals, Richmond, VA), followed by detection with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine or fluorescent secondary antibody. For quantitative histomorphometry, HF morphogenesis was evaluated according to the stages defined in Paus et al. (1999) (link), and hair cycle was evaluated at P17 (catagen), P28 (anagen), and P49 (telogen), according to the Muller-Rover classification (Magerl et al., 2001 (link)). Cryosections were stained with Oil Red O (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) or with anti-CD45PE (103105, BioLegend, San Diego, CA), anti-major histocompatibility complex class II (T-2106, BMA Biomedicals, Augst, Switzerland, Switzerland), anti-caveolin1 (3267, Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA), and HCS LipidTOX (H34476, Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR). Staining quantification was performed with Image J software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD).
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4

Western Blotting Analysis of NLRP Proteins

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For western blotting experiments, cells were lysed using Urea/CHAPS/Tris buffer (8M urea, 40mM Tris, 40mg CHAPS,) containing a protease inhibitor cocktail (Cat# P8340) and a phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 3 (Cat# P0044) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). The total protein content was determined using the Bradford protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA). A total of 25μg protein from each sample was mixed with 4X Laemmeli Buffer (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) and resolved by SDS-PAGE and electro-blotted on PVDF membrane (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Blots were incubated overnight using anti-NLRP10 (Cat#sc-50608), anti-NLRP12 (Cat#sc-390666) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX), anti-Caveolin-1 (Cat#3267) (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA), anti-Flotillin-1 (Cat#sc-74566) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX), anti-Caveolin-2 (Cat#8522) and anti-GAPDH (Cat#5174) (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA). Immunostaining was performed using appropriate secondary antibody (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA) at the dilution of 1:2000. The blots were visualized on ChemiDoc Touch Imaging System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) by enhanced chemiluminescence using WesternSure PREMIUM Chemiluminescent Substrate (LI-COR, Lincoln, CE).
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5

Lipid Profiling and Cellular Transport

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Optiprep, tyloxapol and sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate (SSO) were from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, MO). C16-C24 ceramides were from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). The antibodies used in this study were anti-caveolin-1, anti-clathrin (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA), anti-flotillin-1, anti-IRβ (BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA), anti-α-tubulin, anti-β-actin, anti-HA, anti-Flag, anti-CerS2 (Sigma Aldrich, St Louise, MO), anti-FATP5, anti-1163-phosphorylated IRβ (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), anti-CD36/FAT (eBioscience, San Diego, CA), anti-GAPDH (Millipore, Temecula, CA) anti-FABPpm (Abcam, Cambridge, MA) and anti-Cy2, anti-Cy3 (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, PA). The anti-FABP1 antibody was obtained as described [19 (link)]. [9,10-3H(N)]-triolein and [14C]-palmitic acid were from American Radiolabeled Chemicals (St Louis, MO) and [9,10-3H (N)]-palmitic acid was from Amersham International (Amersham, UK). BODIPY-palmitate was from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA).
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6

Antibody Selection for Protein Analysis

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Anti-EGFR (#4267), anti-STAT3 (#9139), anti-pSTAT3 Tyr 705 (#9138), anti-Caveolin-1 (#3267), anti-Clathrin Heavy Chain (#4796), anti-Importin-β1 (#8673) antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Anti-Tubulin antibody (#T9026) was purchased from Santa Cruz (Heidelberg, Germany). Anti-Lamin A (#SAB4501764), anti-Actin (#A5441) antibodies were obtained from Sigma Aldrich.
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7

Rab35 Membrane Fraction Isolation and Analysis

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Membrane fraction was prepared, as described previously [30 (link)]. V5-tagged Rab35 wild-type, T75A, or T75D mutants were transfected with Lipofectamine 2000 into HEK-293. Cells were washed once with PBS and scraped in lysis buffer containing 0.25 M sucrose, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM Hepes-NaOH (pH 7.5), 1 mM MgCl2 and protease inhibitors. Cell lysates were passed through a 27 gauge needle 10 times and centrifuged at 1000 g for 15 min at 4 °C. Protein levels were quantified using the BCA kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Equal amount of protein from each sample was loaded to centrifuge tubes (Beckman Coulter, Indianapolis, IN, USA) and centrifuged using an SW 32 Ti swinging bucket rotor (Beckman Coulter, Indianapolis, IN, USA) for 1 h at 100,000 g at 4 °C. The pellets were rinsed with lysis buffer and centrifuged for 1 h at 100,000 g at 4 °C. Pellets were resuspended in Laemmini sample buffer and subjected to SDS-PAGE. Western blot analysis was performed with anti-V5, anti-caveolin-1 (1:1000, 3267, Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA), anti-EEA1 (1:1000, 3288, Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA), anti-GOPC (1:1000, 8576, Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA), and anti-Hsp90 (1:1000, ab13492, Abcam, Cambridge, UK) antibodies.
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8

Exosomal Protein Detection and Quantification

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The detection of proteins in the exosomal fraction was performed as described previously [22 (link)]. Briefly, the proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred onto nitrocellulose membrane. After the transfer, the membranes were cut according to the size of the protein and probed with specific antibodies: Anti-caveolin 1 (Cell Signaling Technologies, Danvers, MA, USA), anti-myosin IC (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), and anti-β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). The immunoreactive bands were detected by enhanced chemiluminescence. Densitometry for expression quantification was performed in Image J (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). The adherent cells from the same cultures were counted as described above and subjected to routine whole-cell extraction as described previously [22 (link)] in order to confirm that the secreted exosomes arose from a comparable amount of cell culture.
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9

Visualizing Endothelial Cell Adhesion Proteins

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siRNA-transfected HDBECs or mouse brain endothelial cells were stained with anti-CD93 (MBL Life Science, D198-3), anti-CD93 (HPA, HPA009300), anti-MMRN2 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc54021), anti-fibronectin (Abcam, ab2413), anti-fibronectin (Sigma-Aldrich, F7387), anti–β1 integrin (12G10, Abcam, ab30394), anti–α5β1 integrin (clone JBS5, Millipore, mab1969), anti–αvβ3 integrin (Millipore, MAB1976), anti–p-FAK (Y397, Abcam, ab39967), anti–α-tubulin (Abcam, ab52866), anti-vimentin (Abcam, ab92547), anti-vWF (Dako, A0082), and anti–caveolin-1 (Cell Signaling Technology, CST3238). Cells were subsequently incubated with appropriate Alexa Fluor–conjugated secondary antibodies (Invitrogen). Nuclei and cytoskeleton were visualized by Hoechst and Alexa Fluor 647–labeled or Texas Red–conjugated phalloidin, respectively (all from Life Technologies). Cells were analyzed under a confocal microscope (Leica SP8).
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10

Endothelium-Dependent Nitric Oxide Signaling

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All chemicals were commercially available and had the highest purity. DMT was obtained from Orion Pharma (Turku, Finland). L-NAME, MβCD, PP2, rauwolscine, phenylephrine, and acetylcholine were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Intralipid (20%), which is composed of linoleic acid (53%), oleic acid (24%), palmitic acid (11%), alpha-linolenic acid (8%), and stearic acid (4%), was obtained from Fresenius Kabi AB (Uppsala, Sweden). Anti-eNOS antibody (#610297) was obtained from BD Bioscience (Franklin, NJ, USA). Anti-phospho-eNOS (Ser1177) (#9571), anti-phospho-eNOS (Thr495) (#9574), anti-Src kinase (#2108), anti-phospho-Src kinase (Tyr416) (#2101), anti-caveolin-1 (#3238), and anti-phospho-caveolin-1 (Tyr14) (#3251) antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). All chemical concentrations were expressed as the final molar concentration.
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