Calcium chloride

BC membrane was obtained from Hainan Yeguo Foods Co., Ltd (Hainan, China). Sodium alginate, TEA, glutaraldehyde (aqueous solution, 50 wt %), sodium hydroxide, and calcium chloride were purchased from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). ALPs extracted from the calf intestine were obtained from AppliChem GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany). CaGP, 4-nitrophenyl phosphate disodium salt hexahydrate, and p-nitrophenol were bought from Alfa Aesar Chemicals Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Hydrochloric acid and dimethyl sulfoxide were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China).

AZ31B Mg alloy (composition: 2.5–3.5 Al, 0.6–1.4 Zn, 0.2–1.0 Mn, 0.04 Ca, 0.08 Si, 0.003 Fe, 0.001 Ni, 0.01 Cu, Mg, all in wt. %) was purchased from Luoyang Shengte Metalware Co., Ltd. (Luoyang, China). 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid (98%), sodium hydrogen carbonate (99.8%), potassium chloride (99.5%), di-potassium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate (99%), magnesium chloride hexahydrate (98%), calcium chloride (96%), sodium sulfate (99%), and tris-hydroxymethyl aminomethane (AR) were bought from the Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (99%) and anhydrous methanol were bought from the Tianjin Hengxing Chemical Reagent co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Ethanol and sodium chloride (99.5%) were bought from the Tianjin Chemical Reagent Supply and Marketing Company (Tianjin, China). Hydrofluoric acid (40%) was bought from the Luoyang Haohua Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Luoyang, China). N,N-dimethylformamide (99.5%) was bought from the Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Hydrochloric acid (36–38%) was purchased from the Zhengzhou Paini Chemical Reagent Factory (Zhengzhou, China).

Natural β-carotene (96% w/w) and chemicals of analytical grade, including calcium chloride (96% w/w), sodium carbonate (99.5% w/w), sodium hydroxide (99% w/w), and n-hexane (97% w/w), were obtained from Macklin Inc. (Shanghai, China). The ethanol (99.7% w/w) and hydrochloric acid (37% w/w) were supplied by Beijing Chemical Plant (Beijing, China). A laboratory water purification system (HYP-QX-UP, Huiyipu Ltd., Beijing, China) was employed to produce the deionized (DI) water used for the solutions required for the experiment.

Calcium chloride (97%, CaCl₂•6H₂O), Sodium phosphate dibasic (99%, Na₂HPO₄), were obtained from MACKLIN (Shanghai, China). Chlorella vulgaris (CV) and BG11 medium were purchased from Guangyu Biological Technology (Shanghai, China). Trypsin-EDTA, Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from Gibco-BRL (Burlington, ON, Canada). All chemicals and reagents were used without further purification.

Anthocyanin was purchased from Tianjin Jianfeng Natural products R & D Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China); lysine was purchased from Shanghai aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); calcium chloride, agar, cholesterol, and peptone were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); NaOH and NaCl were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); an Oil Red O staining kit was purchased from Beijing Leagene Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China); and TG assay kits, NEFA assay kits, MDA, and CAT assay kits were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). All chemicals were used without purification.

Para-nitrophenol, analytical grade; triethanolamine, analytical grade; calcium acetate (Ca(CO₂CH₃)₂), analytical grade, China National Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Potassium chromate (K₂CrO₄), analytical grade; hydrochloric acid (HCl), analytical grade, Beijing Chemical Works. Calcium chloride (CaCl₂·2H₂O), analytical grade, Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), analytical grade, Xilong Chemical Industry Incorporated Co., Ltd. pH meter, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA. ICP-OES 730, Agilent. X ray diffractometer (XRD), Bruker D8, Germany.
Soil conditioner: Developed by Tianjin Cement Industry Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd. Specific preparation method: The raw materials were K-feldspar (produced in Inner Mongolia, with ${\mathrm{KAlSi}}_3{\mathrm{O}}_8$ , ${\mathrm{NaAlSi}}_3{\mathrm{O}}_8$ , and SiO₂ being the main components), CaCO₃, and CaMg(CO₃)₂, which were crushed and ball-milled in order to get the sizes that could pass through an 80 μm sieve, before being mixed in appropriate ratios. Next, these were sintered by using an alumina crucible placed in a box furnace at 1270 °C for 60 min, then naturally cooled inside, and finally ground to approximately 80 μm to obtain the MSCs.