Reduced β nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

CC1₄, Tris-HCl, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), oxidized and reduced glutathione, reduced β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), glucose-6-phosphate, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), glutathione reductase, 5,5-dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), potassium persulfate, sulfosalicylic acid (SSA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), 2,6-dichloroindophenol, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), Tween 20, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Rabbit polyclonal antibody specific for 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-8-OHdG), Rabbit polyclonal antibody specific for 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), Rabbit polyclonal antibody specific to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Rabbit polyclonal antibody specific to interleukin 6 (IL-6), Rabbit polyclonal antibody specific to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), EnVision™ + System/horseradish peroxidase (HRP), Rb (DAB+), target retrieval solution, and antibody diluent were purchased from Dako (Agilent Technologies Company, Denmark).

4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (Hepes) was purchased from EMD Bioscience. Adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP), cytidine-5′-diphosphate (CDP), reduced β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), hydroxyurea (HU), kanamycin (Km), chloramphenicol (Cm), 2XYT media, M9 Minimal Salts, l-arabinose (ara), β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME), streptomycin sulfate and NH₂Y were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT) were purchased from Promega. Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) hydrochloride was purchased from Thermo Scientific. Nucleotide primers were purchased from Invitrogen, and Pfu Ultra II polymerase was purchased from Stratagene.

Fructose syrup (55%) was purchased from Chao Khun Agro Products Co., Ltd. (Bangkok, Thailand). Bovine serum albumin (BSA), 5,5-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), glutathione reductase, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitrotetrazolium blue chloride (NBT), reduced β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), standard malondialdehyde (MDA), standard superoxide dismutase (SOD) from bovine erythrocytes, 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP), and xanthine oxidase were from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was obtained from Fisher Scientific (Leicestershire, UK). 2-Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) was supplied by Fluka Chemika Co. (Steinheim, Switzerland). Trizol® was supplied by Invitrogen® (Carlsbad, CA, USA). ReverTraAce® and Taq DNA polymerase were purchased from Toyobo Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan) and Vivantis Technologies Sdn. Bhd. (Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia), respectively. The random primers and RNase inhibitor were products of Takara Bio Inc. (Shiga, Japan). The forward and reverse primers for CAT, CuZn-SOD, Mn-SOD, GPx, and GAPDH (Table 1) were synthesized by Bio Basic, Inc. (Markham, Ontario, Canada). All other laboratory chemicals were of the highest available purity from commercial suppliers.