Pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1

Escherichia coli (KCTC1682), Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (KCTC1637), Listeria monocytogenes (KCTC3569), and Staphylococcus aureus (KCTC 1916) were purchased from the Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC, Daejeon, Korea). Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC4352) was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Streptococcus mutans (KCCM 40105) and Candida albicans (KCCM11282) were purchased from the Korean Culture Center of Microorganisms (KCCM; Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea). Tryptic soy broth (TSB; Difco Laboratory Inc., Detroit, MI, USA) was used to grow P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. coli, L. monocytogenes, and Vibrio vulnificus. For culturing C. albicans, the potato dextrose broth (PDB) containing glucose (5 %) was used, whereas for culturing the S. mutans, the brain heart infusion (BHI) broth (Difco Laboratory Inc., Detroit, MI, USA) was used. A deMan Rogosa Sharpe Medium (MRS; Difco Laboratory Inc., Detroit, MI, USA) was used to cultivate LAB. Gold (III) chloride trihydrate (CAS# 16961-25-4; purity 99%) and zinc acetate (Zn(CH₃-COO)₂·2H₂O) (CAS # 5970-45-6) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). The temperature for the growth of all microbes was 37 °C.

Escherichia coli (KCTC1682), Listeria monocytogenes (KCTC3569), Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (KCTC1637), and Staphylococcus aureus (KCTC 1916) were obtained from the Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC, Daejeon, Korea). The growth media for the cultivation of L. monocytogenes, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa was tryptic soy broth (TSB; Difco Laboratory Inc., Detroit, MI, USA), whereas, for E. coli, Luria Bertani (LB) broth was used. Usnic acid, Tween 60, low molecular weight chitosan with 75–85% degree of deacetylation (CAS # 9012-76-4), and tripolyphosphate (TPP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA).