Twenty-four hours after the final echocardiography procedures, mice were anesthetized (ketamine-xylazine 80:40 mg/kg) and polyethylene-tipped Tygon cannulas (4 cm of PE-08 connected to 2 cm of PE-50, Clay Adams) filled with heparinized saline were inserted into the carotid artery and jugular vein for direct measurements of arterial pressure (AP) and drug administration, respectively. The free ends of the cannulas were tunneled subcutaneously and exteriorized at the top of the skull. Two days after the catheter placement, hemodynamic measurements were made in conscious, freely moving mice. The arterial cannula was connected to a strain-gauge transducer (Blood Pressure XDCR, Kent Scientific, Litchfield, CT, USA), and AP signals were recorded during a 20-min period using a microcomputer equipped with an analog-to-digital converter (Windaq DI720, 4-kHz sampling frequency, Dataq Instruments). The recorded data were analyzed on a beat-to-beat basis to quantify changes in AP and heart rate (HR)
Blood pressure xdcr
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The Blood Pressure XDCR is a transducer device used to measure blood pressure. It converts physical pressure signals into electrical signals that can be processed and displayed.
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16 protocols using blood pressure xdcr
1
Catheterization and Hemodynamic Monitoring in Mice
2
Baroreflex Sensitivity Assessment in Rats
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Twenty-four hours after echocardiographic evaluation, 2 catheters filled with 0.06 mL of saline were implanted into the femoral artery and femoral vein of the anesthetized rats (80 mg/kg ketamine and 12 mg/kg xylazine, i.p.). On the next day, the arterial cannula was connected to a strain-gauge transducer (Blood Pressure XDCR; Kent Scientific, Torrington, CT), and arterial pressure (AP) signals and pulse intervals (PI) were recorded over a 30-minute period in conscious animals, as previously described [16 (link),17 (link)].
Sequential bolus injections (0.1 mL) of increasing doses of phenylephrine (0.25-32 mg/kg) and sodium nitroprusside (0.05-1.6 mg/kg) were given to induce increases or decreases in mean AP responses (for each drug), ranging from 5 to 40 mmHg. Baroreflex sensitivity was expressed as bradycardic response (BR) and tachycardic response (TR) in beats per minute per millimeter of mercury, as described elsewhere [16 (link),17 (link)].
Sequential bolus injections (0.1 mL) of increasing doses of phenylephrine (0.25-32 mg/kg) and sodium nitroprusside (0.05-1.6 mg/kg) were given to induce increases or decreases in mean AP responses (for each drug), ranging from 5 to 40 mmHg. Baroreflex sensitivity was expressed as bradycardic response (BR) and tachycardic response (TR) in beats per minute per millimeter of mercury, as described elsewhere [16 (link),17 (link)].
3
Hemodynamic Measurements in Conscious Rats
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On the day following the last exercise session, rats were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (90 mg/kg) and xylazine (20 mg/kg) to implant 2 polyethylene-tipped Tygon cannulas filled with heparinized saline into the right carotid artery and jugular vein for direct measurements of arterial blood pressure (AP) and drug administration, respectively. Cannulated rats were treated with antibiotic and analgesics and were allowed one day of recovery. All efforts were made to avoid suffering. Throughout the experiment, rats received food and water ad libitum; they remained conscious in their cages and were allowed to move freely during hemodynamic measurements. To avoid detraining, hemodynamic measurements were made in conscious, freely moving rats in their home cage 24 h after surgery (16, 37). The arterial cannula was connected to a transducer (Blood Pressure XDCR, Kent® Scientific, United States), and AP signals were recorded for a 30-min period using a microcomputer equipped with an analog-to-digital converter (CODAS, 2Kz, DATAQ Instruments, United States). The recorded data were analyzed on a beat-to-beat basis to quantify changes in systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), and mean AP (MAP) and heart rate (HR).
4
Arterial Pressure Monitoring in Conscious Rats
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One day after IOP measurements, two catheters filled with 0.06 mL saline were
implanted into the femoral artery and femoral vein of rats that were
intraperitoneally (ip) anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine (80
and 12 mg/kg, respectively). Twenty-four hours later, an arterial cannula was
connected to a strain-gauge transducer (Blood Pressure XDCR; Kent Scientific, USA),
and arterial pressure (AP) signals were recorded over a 30-min period in conscious
animals by a microcomputer equipped with an analog-to-digital converter board
(WinDaq, 2 kHz, DAT-AQ, USA). The recorded data were analyzed on a beat-to-beat basis
to quantify changes in mean AP (MAP) and heart rate (HR) (13 (link)).
implanted into the femoral artery and femoral vein of rats that were
intraperitoneally (ip) anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine (80
and 12 mg/kg, respectively). Twenty-four hours later, an arterial cannula was
connected to a strain-gauge transducer (Blood Pressure XDCR; Kent Scientific, USA),
and arterial pressure (AP) signals were recorded over a 30-min period in conscious
animals by a microcomputer equipped with an analog-to-digital converter board
(WinDaq, 2 kHz, DAT-AQ, USA). The recorded data were analyzed on a beat-to-beat basis
to quantify changes in mean AP (MAP) and heart rate (HR) (13 (link)).
5
Cardiovascular Monitoring in Conscious Rats
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On the last day of the protocol, rats were anesthetized with ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylazine (12 mg/kg) and placed in the supine position. A small incision was made near the neck to implant two polyethylene-tipped Tygon cannulas: into the carotid artery toward the left ventricle for direct BP recording and in the jugular vein for drug infusion, respectively. The cannulas were passed subcutaneously, externalized on the back of the cervical region, and fixed with cotton thread on the skin. Analgesia was administered after the surgery.
Rats received food and water ad libitum and were studied after catheter placement; they remained conscious and awake in their cages during the hemodynamic measurements. The arterial cannula was connected to a transducer (Blood Pressure XDCR, Kent Scientific), and blood pressure signals were recorded over a 30-min period using a microcomputer equipped with an analog-to-digital converter (Windaq, 2-Hz sampling frequency, Dataq Instruments). The recorded data were analyzed on a beat-to-beat basis to quantify changes in systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), mean AP (MAP), and HR [7 (link)–9 (link)].
Rats received food and water ad libitum and were studied after catheter placement; they remained conscious and awake in their cages during the hemodynamic measurements. The arterial cannula was connected to a transducer (Blood Pressure XDCR, Kent Scientific), and blood pressure signals were recorded over a 30-min period using a microcomputer equipped with an analog-to-digital converter (Windaq, 2-Hz sampling frequency, Dataq Instruments). The recorded data were analyzed on a beat-to-beat basis to quantify changes in systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), mean AP (MAP), and HR [7 (link)–9 (link)].
6
Arterial Pressure and Heart Rate Monitoring in Mice
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Two days after the last training session, mice were anesthetized (mixture of 0.5%–2% isoflurane and 98% O2 at a flow rate of 1.5 L/min), and polyethylene‐tipped Tygon cannulas filled with heparinized saline were inserted into the carotid artery and jugular vein for direct measurements of arterial pressure (AP) and drug administration, respectively.
Two days after surgery, hemodynamic measurements were performed, the animals were awake and allowed to move freely in their cages. The cannula was coupled to a biological signal transducer for recording blood pressure signals (Blood Pressure XDCR, Kent Scientific) for 30 min using a digital converter (Windaq DI720, 4‐kHz sampling frequency, Dataq Instruments) (Heeren et al., 2009 (link); Marchon et al., 2015 (link)). The recorded data were analyzed on a beat‐to‐beat basis to quantify changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and HR.
Two days after surgery, hemodynamic measurements were performed, the animals were awake and allowed to move freely in their cages. The cannula was coupled to a biological signal transducer for recording blood pressure signals (Blood Pressure XDCR, Kent Scientific) for 30 min using a digital converter (Windaq DI720, 4‐kHz sampling frequency, Dataq Instruments) (Heeren et al., 2009 (link); Marchon et al., 2015 (link)). The recorded data were analyzed on a beat‐to‐beat basis to quantify changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and HR.
7
Arterial Pressure Measurement in Diabetic Rats
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One day after the GTT, at 31 days after diabetes induction, the animals were anesthetized (ketamine–xylazine 80:40 mg/kg i.p.), and polyethylene-tipped Tygon cannulas (4 cm of PE-08 connected to 2 cm of PE-50, Clay Adams) filled with heparinized saline were inserted into the carotid artery and jugular vein for direct measurements of arterial pressure (AP) and drug administration, respectively. The free ends of the cannulas were tunneled subcutaneously and exteriorized at the top of the skull. After surgery, the animals received an intramuscular injection of penicillin G (Benzetacil®, Fontoura-Wyeth, 60,000 U). Two days following catheter placement, hemodynamic measurements were taken from animals at baseline conditions, namely, conscious, freely moving, and in a quiet environment with controlled temperature but deprived of food and water. The arterial cannula was connected to a transducer (Blood Pressure XDCR, Kent Scientific), and AP signals were recorded for a 20-min period using a microcomputer equipped with an analog-to-digital converter board (WINDAQ, 4 kHz, Dataq Instruments). The recorded data were analyzed on a beat-to-beat basis to quantify changes in AP and heart rate (HR).
8
Baroreflex Sensitivity Measurement in Anesthetized Animals
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One day after the final MLT, two catheters containing 0.06 mL of saline solution were
implanted in the femoral artery and vein of the anesthetized animals (ketamine 80
mg/kg, and xylazine 12 mg/kg, i.p.). The next day, the arterial catheter was
connected to a pressure transducer (Blood Pressure XDCR; Kent Scientific, Torrington,
CT) and the BP and pulse interval (PI) signals were recorded for 30 minutes with the
animals awaken, as previously described12 (link),13 (link),20 (link).
After the baseline recording, sequential injections (0.1 mL) of up-titrated doses of
phenylephrine (0.25 to 32 mg/kg) and sodium nitroprusside (0.05 to 1.6 mg/kg) were
administered, inducing responses of increased or decreased mean BP (MBP), ranging
from 5 to 40 mmHg. Baroreflex sensitivity was expressed as bradycardic response (BR)
and tachycardic response (TR), in beats per minute by millimeter of mercury, as
described elsewhere12 (link),13 (link),20 (link).
implanted in the femoral artery and vein of the anesthetized animals (ketamine 80
mg/kg, and xylazine 12 mg/kg, i.p.). The next day, the arterial catheter was
connected to a pressure transducer (Blood Pressure XDCR; Kent Scientific, Torrington,
CT) and the BP and pulse interval (PI) signals were recorded for 30 minutes with the
animals awaken, as previously described12 (link),13 (link),20 (link).
After the baseline recording, sequential injections (0.1 mL) of up-titrated doses of
phenylephrine (0.25 to 32 mg/kg) and sodium nitroprusside (0.05 to 1.6 mg/kg) were
administered, inducing responses of increased or decreased mean BP (MBP), ranging
from 5 to 40 mmHg. Baroreflex sensitivity was expressed as bradycardic response (BR)
and tachycardic response (TR), in beats per minute by millimeter of mercury, as
described elsewhere12 (link),13 (link),20 (link).
9
Femoral Artery Catheterization for Hemodynamic Monitoring
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After 24 hours of the last training session, a catheter filled with 0.06 mL of saline was implanted into the femoral artery while the animals were anesthetized (Ketamine 80 mg/kg + Xylazine 12 mg/kg) for direct measurements of arterial pressure (AP).
Rats were studied 24 hours after catheter placement. The animals were conscious and allowed to move freely during the experiments. An arterial cannula was connected to a strain-gauge transducer (Blood Pressure XDCR, Kent Scientific, Litchfield, CT, USA), and AP signals were recorded over a 30-min period by a microcomputer equipped with an analog-to-digital converter board (Windaq, 2-kHz sampling frequency; Dataq Instruments, Akron, OH). The recorded data were analyzed on a beat-to-beat basis to quantify changes in mean AP and heart rate (HR). HR variability (HRV) was determined by using the standard deviation of the basal HR recording period [5 (link)].
Rats were studied 24 hours after catheter placement. The animals were conscious and allowed to move freely during the experiments. An arterial cannula was connected to a strain-gauge transducer (Blood Pressure XDCR, Kent Scientific, Litchfield, CT, USA), and AP signals were recorded over a 30-min period by a microcomputer equipped with an analog-to-digital converter board (Windaq, 2-kHz sampling frequency; Dataq Instruments, Akron, OH). The recorded data were analyzed on a beat-to-beat basis to quantify changes in mean AP and heart rate (HR). HR variability (HRV) was determined by using the standard deviation of the basal HR recording period [5 (link)].
10
Rodent Hemodynamic Monitoring Protocol
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After metabolic evaluations, rats were anesthetized with ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylazine (12 mg/kg), and two polyethylene-tipped Tygon cannulas filled with heparinized saline were implanted into the carotid artery and jugular vein for direct measurements of AP and drug administration, respectively. During the experiment, rats received food and water ad libitum; the rats remained conscious while in their cages and were allowed to move freely during the hemodynamic experiments. The arterial cannula was connected to a transducer (Blood Pressure XDCR, Kent Scientific), and blood pressure signals were recorded for a 30-minute period using a microcomputer equipped with an analog-to-digital converter (CODAS, 2Kz, DATAQ Instruments). The recorded data were analyzed on a beat-to-beat basis to quantify changes in systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) [5 (link), 9 (link), 10 (link)].
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