Methylammonium bromide

Lead(II) iodide (PbI₂; 99.99%, trace metals basis) and lead(II) bromide (PbBr₂; >98.0%) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (TCI). Methylammonium chloride (MACl; 98%), cesium iodide (CsI; 99.9%, trace metals basis), anhydrous N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 99.8% v/v), anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99% v/v), anhydrous chlorobenzene (99.8%), anhydrous ethyl acetate (99.8%), anhydrous ethanol (ethanol; 99.5% v/v), tin(II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl₂·2H₂O; 99.999%), hydrochloric acid (HCl; 37% v/v), 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBP), lithium bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (Li-TFSI), acetonitrile (anhydrous; 99.8%), copper(I) thiocyanate (CuSCN; 99%), and diethyl sulfide 98% were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Propan-2-ol (AR grade) was purchased from RCI labscan. Formamidinium iodide (FAI; >99.99%), formamidinium bromide (FABr; >99.99%), and methylammonium bromide (MABr; >99.99%), and TEC15 FTO glass plate (2.2 mm thick) were purchased from Greatcell solar. TEC15 ITO glass (1.1 mm thick) was purchased from Luminescence Technology Corp. Tin(IV) oxide (15wt% in H₂O colloidal dispersion) and ferrocene (99%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. 2,20,7,70-tetrakis[N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,90-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) was purchased from Feiming chemical. Alconox detergent powder was purchased from Alconox. Carbon paste (Jelcon CH-8) was purchased from Jujo chemical.

SnO₂ (15% colloidal solution) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. PTAA was purchased from 1-Material. 4-Isopropyl-4′-methyldiphenyliodonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (TPFB) was purchased from TCI. PbI₂ (99.9999% perovskite grade), CsI, KOH, polyethylenimine (80% ethoxylated solution) (PEIE),
2,5-bis(tributylstannyl)thiophene, 2-bromo-3-methylthiophene, tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalla-dium(0), tri(o-tolyl)phosphine, n-butyl lithium, N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide, tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF₆), lithium diisopropylamide, and tributyltin chloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Formamidinium iodide, methylammonium iodide, methylammonium chloride, and methylammonium bromide were purchased from Greatcell Solar. Chlorobenzene, dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and iso-propanol (IPA) are all anhydrous and were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

Cesium iodide (CsI 99.9%), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li‐TFSi 99.95%), 4‐tert‐butylpyridine (TBP, 98%), N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99.9%), chlorobenzene (99.8%) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich. Formamidinium iodide (FAI, 99.9%), Formamidinium iodide (FABr, 99.9%), methylammonium bromide (MABr, 99.9%) were purchased from Greatcell Solar. Lead iodide (PbI₂, 99.99%) and lead bromide (PbBr₂, 99.99%) were purchased from TCI chemicals. SnO₂ nanoparticle solution (15 wt% in DI water) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. VNPB and Spiro‐OMeTAD were purchased from Lumtec. PEDOT:PSS (AI 4083) was purchased from Clevios Corporation. PC₆₀BM was purchased from 1‐Materials.

Lead (II) iodide (PbI₂; 99.99%) and lead (II) bromide (PbBr₂; >98.0%) were purchased from TCI America. Formamidinium iodide (FAI;) and methylammonium bromide (MABr;) were purchased from GreatCell Solar Materials. Bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt (Li-TFSI) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Cesium iodide (CsI; 99.999%) and 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBP; 96%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamino)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD; ≥99.5%) was purchased from Lumtec, SnO₂ colloidal dispersion was obtained from Alfa Aesar and diluted to 1.5% in DI water before use. Poly(triaryl amine) (PTAA; 5–20 kDa) was obtained from Solaris Chem, and poly(9,9-bis(3’-(N,N-dimethyl)-N-ethylammoinium-propyl-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene))dibromide (PFN-Br) was purchased from 1-Material. All the solvents (dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), chlorobenzene (CB), toluene, methanol) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.

Formamidinium iodide (FAI), methylammonium iodide (MAI), methylammonium bromide (MABr) and methylammonium chloride (MACl) were purchased from Greatcell solar (Australia). PbI₂ (99.99%) was purchased from TCI. 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) was purchased from Xi’an Polymer Light Technology (China). Dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), isopropanol (IPA), chlorobenzene (CB), and hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36.4%) were purchased from Wako (Japan). 4-tert-butylpyridine (99.9%), acetonitrile (99.9%), SnCl₂·2H₂O (99.99%), urea and mercaptoacetic acid (98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Potassium permanganate (KMnO₄, 99.3%) was purchased from Nacalai Tesque. All reagents were used as received without further purification.

Methylammonium bromide, formamidinium iodide and titania paste (30NR-D) were purchased from Greatcell Solar, PbI₂ and PbBr₂ from TCI and spiro-OMeTAD from Borun Technology. All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich.