Caffeine caf

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Brazil

Caffeine (CAF) is a chemical compound that is commonly used as a laboratory standard. It is a crystalline substance that is soluble in water and organic solvents. Caffeine is widely used in various scientific applications, including analytical chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology, as a reference material for the identification and quantification of caffeine in samples.

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Lab products found in correlation

Fluo 4 am, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Fura 2 am, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Thapsigargin tg, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions) Nifedipine nif, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Ru 28318, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions) Kb r7943, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions) Rifampicin, by MP Biomedicals (1 mentions) Acetone d6, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Cd3od, by Cambridge Isotopes (1 mentions) 1 4 btmsb d4, by Fujifilm (1 mentions) Dss d6, by Fujifilm (1 mentions) Cdcl3, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Dmso d6, by Cambridge Isotopes (1 mentions) Ketamine hydrochloride, by Biowet (1 mentions) Xylazine hydrochloride, by Biowet (1 mentions) Uric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Diethyl ether, by Avantor (1 mentions) Acetonitrile, by Avantor (1 mentions) Methanol, by Avantor (1 mentions) Methacrylic acid maa, by Merck Group (1 mentions)

8 protocols using caffeine caf

Fluorescent Calcium Imaging Assay

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Nifedipine (NIF) and caffeine (caf) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. The RU-28318, thapsigargin (Tg) and the KB-R7943 were obtained from TOCRIS Bioscience (Bristol, UK). Fluo-4/AM and Fura-2/AM were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).

Bartoli F., Moradi Bachiller S., Antigny F., Bedouet K., Gerbaud P., Sabourin J, & Benitah J.P. (2019). Specific Upregulation of TRPC1 and TRPC5 Channels by Mineralocorticoid Pathway in Adult Rat Ventricular Cardiomyocytes. Cells, 9(1), 47.

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Caffeine Preparation Protocol

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Caffeine (CAF) (CAS number: 58-08-2) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Brazil). Stock solutions of CAF were prepared by dissolution in zebrafish culture water. Test solutions were prepared by diluting the stocks.

Santos N., Picolo V., Domingues I., Perillo V., Villacis R.A., Grisolia C.K, & Oliveira M. (2023). Effects of environmental concentrations of caffeine on adult zebrafish behaviour: a short-term exposure scenario. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 30(23), 63776-63787.

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NMR Spectroscopy Reagents and Solvents

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Maleic acid (MA; Cat No 135-17951, 99.9% mass fraction), DMSO₂ (Cat No 048-33271, 99.9% mass fraction), 1,4-BTMSB-d₄ (Cat No 024-17031, 99.9% mass fraction), and DSS-d₆ (Cat No 044-31671, 92.4% mass fraction) were from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Corp. (Osaka, Japan); caffeine (CAF; Cat No 56396, 99.9% mass fraction) from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); DMSO-d₆ (Cat No DLM-10-10×0.75, 99.9% D), D₂O (Cat No DLM-6-10×0.75, 99.96% D), and CD₃OD (Cat No DLM-24-10×0.75, 99.8% D) from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Tewksbury, MA, USA); acetone-d₆ (Cat No 444855, 99.9% D) and CDCl₃ (Cat No 416754, 99.8% D) from Sigma-Aldrich; rifampicin (RMP, Cat No 195490) and isoniazid (INH, Cat No I3377–50G) from MP Biomedicals (Irvine, CA, USA) and Sigma-Aldrich, respectively.

Nishizaki Y., Lankin D.C., Chen S.N, & Pauli G.F. (2021). Accurate and Precise External Calibration Enhances the Versatility of Quantitative NMR (qNMR). Analytical chemistry, 93(5), 2733-2741.

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Pharmacological Agents in Experimental Study

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Caffeine (CAF), was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Poznań, Poland) while MDMA was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. (Canada). Ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride were supplied by Biowet (Puławy, Poland). Caffeine and MDMA were dissolved in 0.9% NaCl. All injections were done via intraperitoneal (ip) route, and control animals received their respective vehicles. The chemicals used for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were purchased from Merck (Warsaw, Poland).

Górska A.M., Kamińska K., Wawrzczak-Bargieła A., Costa G., Morelli M., Przewłocki R., Kreiner G, & Gołembiowska K. (2017). Neurochemical and Neurotoxic Effects of MDMA (Ecstasy) and Caffeine After Chronic Combined Administration in Mice. Neurotoxicity Research, 33(3), 532-548.

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Electrochemical Characterization of Uric Acid and Caffeine

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Uric acid (UA) and caffeine (CAF) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Brazil). Potassium phosphate monobasic (KH₂PO₄), potassium phosphate dibasic (K₂HPO₄), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and potassium chloride (KCl) were acquired from Synth (Brazil). UA and CAF solutions were prepared in basic and acid media, respectively, using ultrapure water. A 0.10 mol L⁻¹ concentration sulfuric acid solution was prepared from stock solution, and a 0.10 mol L⁻¹ phosphate buffer solution was prepared using a mixture of KH₂PO₄ and K₂HPO₄. Aqueous solutions were prepared using deionized water from the Milli Q system (resistivity > 18.2 MΩ cm).

Wong A., Santos A.M., Feitosa M.H., Fatibello-Filho O., Moraes F.C, & Sotomayor M.D. (2023). Simultaneous Determination of Uric Acid and Caffeine by Flow Injection Using Multiple-Pulse Amperometry. Biosensors, 13(7), 690.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

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Methacrylic acid (MAA, Sigma Aldrich, Castle Hill, Australia) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA, Sigma Aldrich, Castle Hill, Australia), were purified by passing through a basic aluminum oxide column. Caffeine (CAF, Sigma Aldrich, Castle Hill, Australia) and theophylline (THP, Sigma Aldrich, Castle Hill, Australia) were used as received. 2,2’-Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN, DuPont Chemicals, Hawthorn, Australia) was recrystallized from methanol prior to use. 1,4-Dioxane (NMR external standard) was purchased from Acros Organics (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Scoresby, Australia) and used as received. DMSO-d₆ was purchased from Cambridge Laboratories (Hawthorn, Australia). Acetonitrile, methanol and diethyl ether (VWR Chemicals, Bio-Strategy Pty Limited, Melbourne, Australia) were of analytical grade and used as received.

Lim K.F, & Holdsworth C.I. (2018). Effect of Formulation on the Binding Efficiency and Selectivity of Precipitation Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. Molecules, 23(11), 2996.

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Preparation and Characterization of Tristearin

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Tristearin (Dynasan^®118) was kindly provided by Sasol (Witten, Germany). Caffeine (CAF) and glyceryl monooleate (GMO, 1-Oleoyl-rac-glycerol) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Tocopheryl acetate (Vitamin E) was purchased from Farmalabor (Milan, Italy). Sorbitane monooleate (Span 80) and isopropyl myristate (IM) were obtained from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Ethyl oleate, oleic acid and liquid soya lecithin were purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents (Milan, Italy). Medium chain trigycerides (MCT, Labrafac™ lipophile WL 1349) supplied from Gattefossè (Milan, Italy). For β-tristearin, Dynasan^®118 was used as received. α-tristearin was obtained by melting tristearin at 90 °C followed by rapid cooling to room temperature.

Bertoni S., Passerini N, & Albertini B. (2021). Liquid Lipids Act as Polymorphic Modifiers of Tristearin-Based Formulations Produced by Melting Technologies. Pharmaceutics, 13(7), 1089.

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Pharmaceutical Consumption in Malaysia: Quantifying Impacts

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Pure standards (≥98%) of nifedipine (NFD) (CAS no. 21829-25-4), enalapril maleate (ENL) (CAS no. 76095-16-4), prazosin (PRZ) (CAS no. 19237-84-4), caffeine (CAF) (CAS no. 58-08-2), levonorgestrel (LNG) (CAS no. 797-63-7), carbamazepine (CBZ) (CAS no. 298-46-4), simvastatin (SMV) (CAS no. 79902-63-9) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Deionized water (DIW) was supplied by EASYPure RODI (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). HPLC-grade methanol (MeOH), acetonitrile (ACN), acetone, and formic acid (FA) were supplied by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The chemical structure of all studied pharmaceuticals is presented in Figure 1.
The consumption profile of the studied pharmaceutical compounds in a particular country affects the profile of compounds found in wastewater and surface water. In Malaysia, Ministry of health publishes annually statistical report on drug consumption. 25 Table 1 presents the defined daily doses (DDD) of a drug per thousand inhabitants of the studied pharmaceuticals as a top 50 consumed pharmaceutical compounds over the years 2011-2014 in Malaysia. The DDD values are based on Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system by World Health Organization (WHO). 26 The annual consumption (kg/y) of the pharmaceuticals can be calculated using the following formula:
(4)

Mussa Z.H., Al-Qaim F.F., Alqaim Z.H, & Latip J. (2021). Electrochemical Oxidation of Different Therapeutic Classes of Pharmaceuticals Using Graphite-PVC Composite Electrode. Acta chimica Slovenica, 68(4).

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