Phosphate inhibitor

Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), antibiotic antimycotic solution, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), 3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were purchased from Sigma‐aldrich (St. louis, MO, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from Gibco (Waltham, MA, USA). RIPA buffer was purchased from Thermo Fisher (Waltham, MA, USA). Phosphate inhibitor and protease inhibitor were purchased from Gen DEPOT (Barker, TX, USA). DCF‐DA kit was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK), and caspases‐3 was from Cayman chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Antibodies against caspase‐3, caspase‐6, and caspase‐7 were obtained from Cell signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Antibody against Nrf2 was from Thermo Fisher scientific. Antibodies against heme oxygenase (HO), Lamin B, and β‐actin were from Santa Cruz (Dallas, TX, USA). ECL prime was purchased from GE Healthcare life sciences (Buchinghamshire, UK).

Lutein, zeaxanthin, HPLC grade water, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, Lutein and zeaxanthin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Gamma-oryzanol was obtained from Wako (Osaka, Japan) and tocopherols and tocotrienols were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). 2,7-Dicholorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA) kit and caspase-3 assay kit were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), Penicillin streptomycin, hydrogen peroxide, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-y1)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from Gibco (Waltham, MA, USA). RIPA buffer was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham MA USA). Phosphate inhibitor and protease inhibitor were purchased from Gen DEPOT (Barker, TX, USA). The antibodies (caspase-3, -7, PARP, Bax, phospho-H2AX, phospho-p53, phospho-chk1, phospho-chk2 and β-actin) used in Western blot analysis were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA).