Copper (II) nitrate hemi-pentahydrate (>98% Cu(ΝO3)2·2.5H2O, Mr = 232.59 g/mol) was used as copper precursor and purchased from Alfa Aesar, while sodium hydroxide (>98% NaOH) was purchased from CHEM-LAB. Two stabilizers were used for the synthesis of two different copper-based nanoparticles. Stabilizer 1 (S1) refers to an animal protein with a molecular mass between 20,000 and 25,000 g/mol and PI at 4.7–5.4 and was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Stabilizer 2 (S2, purity 98–99%) refers to a non-ionic polymer with a molecular mass of 57,000–66,000 g/mol and was purchased from Alfa Aesar. All reagents were used as received, without any further purification.
Sodium hydroxide (naoh)
Manufactured by Chem-Lab
Sourced in Belgium
Sodium hydroxide is a chemical compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white, odorless, and crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. Sodium hydroxide has a wide range of industrial and laboratory applications due to its strong basic properties.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Formic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (6 mentions)
Methanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions)
Catechin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Acetone, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Elix type 2 pure water system, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Reference compounds of theobromine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
N hexane, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Caffeine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Epicatechin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Copper 2 nitrate hemi pentahydrate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Sodium acetate trihydrate, by Chem-Lab (1 mentions)
Dpph 2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Iron 3 chloride hexahydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium nitrite, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Folin ciocalteu reagent, by Chem-Lab (1 mentions)
T butanol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
R limonene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
12 protocols using sodium hydroxide (naoh)
1
Copper Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Protein and Polymer Stabilizers
2
HPLC-based multi-element analysis
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Methanol and water used was of HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) gradient grade and was purchased from Chem-Lab NV (Zedelgem, Belgium). There were used single element standard solutions 1000 mg/L, of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, K, Na, Ca and Mg (Sigma Chem, St. Louis, MO, USA). For trace metal analysis, all glassware and plastic containers used were washed properly, first with nitric acid and then with ultra-pure water, in order to ensure that any contamination does not occur. All the other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade.
The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and (+)-catechin were from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, whereas TPTZ (2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine) and aluminum chloride-6-hydrate were obtained from Alfa Aesar, GmbH&GoKG, Karlsruhe, Germany. ABTS (2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), Trolox ((S)-(-)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8- tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), and gallic acid were from J&K Scientific GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany. Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, sodium acetate trihydrate and sodium hydroxide (HPLC grade) were obtained from Chem-Lab NV, Zedelgem, Belgium. Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, sodium carbonate, and sodium nitrite was from Merck, KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. All the other chemicals used were of analytical grade.
The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and (+)-catechin were from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, whereas TPTZ (2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine) and aluminum chloride-6-hydrate were obtained from Alfa Aesar, GmbH&GoKG, Karlsruhe, Germany. ABTS (2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), Trolox ((S)-(-)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8- tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), and gallic acid were from J&K Scientific GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany. Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, sodium acetate trihydrate and sodium hydroxide (HPLC grade) were obtained from Chem-Lab NV, Zedelgem, Belgium. Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, sodium carbonate, and sodium nitrite was from Merck, KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. All the other chemicals used were of analytical grade.
3
Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Nanoparticles
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Nanoparticles were synthesized based on a wet chemistry approach, as described in Varympopi et al. [15 (link)]. In brief, the precursor salt for both CN_S1 and CN_S2 (copper (II) nitrate purchased from Alfa Aesar) was magnetically stirred for 15 min in deionized water, while maintaining a pH of 10–11, using 0.5 M of sodium hydroxide (purchased from CHEM-LAB). CN_S1 was produced through the gradual addition of the copper salt to stabilizer S1 (an animal protein purchased from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri), while CN_S2 was formed through the rapid addition to stabilizer S2 (a non-ionic polymer purchased from Alfa Aesar). The process was considered as complete once the color of the solution changed to purple and bright green for CN_S1 and CN_S2, respectively.
A Tangential Flow Filtration (TFF) method was employed in order to evaluate the yield of the reduction process, as has been previously used by Platania et al. [43 (link)]. During this process, the colloidal dispersion of NPs flows tubularly through a membrane. Anything smaller in size than the membrane’s pores can permeate (i.e., organic constituents or Cu ions). Following this, the copper content of the supernatant solution (i.e., high in copper ion content) and the content of the retentate solution containing the CuNPs, was evaluated through Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES).
A Tangential Flow Filtration (TFF) method was employed in order to evaluate the yield of the reduction process, as has been previously used by Platania et al. [43 (link)]. During this process, the colloidal dispersion of NPs flows tubularly through a membrane. Anything smaller in size than the membrane’s pores can permeate (i.e., organic constituents or Cu ions). Following this, the copper content of the supernatant solution (i.e., high in copper ion content) and the content of the retentate solution containing the CuNPs, was evaluated through Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES).
4
Cellulose-Chitosan Composite Fabrication
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Cellulose (sulfite dissolving pulp), kindly donated by Caima-Industria de Celulose SA (Constância, Portugal), has the following parameters: α-cellulose (91.9 ± 0.4%) and intrinsic viscosity (500 ± 50 cm 3 /g). Chitosan (degree of deacetylation 88-95%) was purchased from Biolog Biotechnologie Und Logistik (Germany). R-(+)-Limonene (purity 97%) (fragrance) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich and Span 85 (emulsifier) was supplied by Fluka. Lithium hydroxide was supplied by Chem Lab, urea and sodium hydroxide were purchased from José Manuel Gomes dos Santos, LDA (all used to dissolve cellulose) and acetic acid (used to dissolve Chitosan) was provided by Sigma Aldrich. t-Butanol (99.5%) (washing reagent) was supplied by Merck.
5
Pinot Noir Grape Pomace Bioactives
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Pinot Noir grape pomace, from the white wine vinification process, was kindly donated by the Aurora winery (Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil). The material was transported frozen and stored at -18 °C until processing. Minimum essential medium (MEM) was purchased from Thermo Scientific (United Kingdom). Penicillin/streptomycin, fetal bovine serum (FBS) and non-essential amino acids were purchased from Millipore (Germany). PrestoBlue was acquired from Invitrogen (USA). Sodium pyruvate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Ethanol (96% v/ v, Panreac, Spain), sulfuric acid (95%-98% w/w, Fisher Chemical, Portugal), sodium hydroxide (98.5%, José Manuel Gomes dos Santos Lda, Portugal), hydrogen peroxide (30% weight, Chem-Lab, Belgium) were used as received without further purification. The water used was purified by Milli-Q plus water purification system (Millipore Corporate, Billerica, USA).
6
Bovine Progesterone Enzyme Immunoassay Protocol
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All chemicals were of analytical reagent grade. Progesterone (P4) and buffer reagents were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Belgium), unless stated otherwise. Solutions were prepared with deionized water purified by a Milli-Q Plus system (Millipore, Marlborough, MA, USA). Acetic acid, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide were purchased from Chem-Lab (Belgium). Sodium chloride, 1ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and Nhydroxysuccinimide (NHS) were supplied by Fischer Scientific (Belgium) and Tween-20 by Applichem (Germany). Progesterone-BSA conjugate (P4-BSA) and mouse anti-progesterone antibody (anti-P4 Ab) were purchased from AbD Serotec (UK). Goat antimouse antibody (GAM Ab) was supplied by Life Technologies (Belgium). Au NPs (ø 20 nm) were produced by BBI Solutions (UK) and carboxylic acid-SAM formation reagent was purchased from Dojindo (Japan). The milk progesterone enzyme-immunoassay (Mkit Elisa) and ELISA milk standards were purchased from Ridgeway Science (UK). A milk sample was collected for 6 cow (numbered Cow 1e6) selected from a 50 headed herd on an experimental farm (Hooibeekhoeve, Geel) in Flanders, Belgium. These samples were taken from cows in heat.
7
Synthetic Gut Bead Model for Microbiome
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mucin-alginate beads were used for small intestinal simulations and prepared by dripping a 5×-boiled mucin-alginate solution [50 g L−1 mucin (Carl Roth), 12 g L−1 agar (VWR), 12 g L−1 alginate (Carl Roth) and 2.22 ml L−1 10 M NaOH (Chem-Lab)] into crosslinking solution containing 7.6 g L−1 CaCl2.2H2O (VWR). This approach was implemented as the small alginate beads allowed for sterile sampling of colonized beads and addition of fresh beads via a 50 ml-syringe with catheter tip (Novolab) connected to an inlet port. Sterility of such handlings was a prerequisite as one worked with a synthetic consortium in multiple ileal simulations. In contrast, for the colonic microbiota, the conventional approach using mucin-covered microcosms was used as previously described by Van den Abbeele et al. (2012) (link). A buffer comprising (g L−1) K2HPO4 (8.8; Chem-Lab) and KH2PO4 (6.8; Chem-Lab) was used to rinse luminal content from mucosal samples. Half of the mucus-alginate beads and mucin-covered microcosms were replaced every 2 days.
8
Assessing Water Quality Parameters
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The LSI was calculated according to WAC/III/A/011 (58 ) (Table 1 ). The pH, conductivity, and calcium concentration were measured using a Multi-parameter analyzer C1010 (Consort, Belgium), a Hanna Edge Conductivity Meter (HANNA Instruments, Belgium), and the Total Hardness Test (Merck, Belgium), respectively. The alkalinity of the water samples was determined based on WAC/III/A/006 (59 ). Using 1M NaOH and 1M HCl (Chem-lab, Belgium), the pH was adapted to the higher and lower Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) (Table 2 ). In addition, HOCl solution was added to have a free chlorine concentration of 0.20 and 0.28 mg/L, for the groundwater and surface water samples, respectively. The chlorine concentrate solution was prepared by the addition of a NaOCl tablet (B-Care Chemicals, Belgium) to 1 L ultrapure water (Milli-Q, Merck Millipore, Germany). The amount of free chlorine was quantified with the Pocket Colorimeter II (Hach, Belgium). Samples of the bulk water were taken every 2 h over a period of 8 h to measure with flow cytometry.
9
pH-Dependent Husk Adsorption Capacity
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For all three preparations of husks, the PZC was determined.
The pH of the solutions was adjusted using a 1 M HCl (Assay 37%, Honeywell,
Germany) solution or 0.1 M NaOH (Chem-Lab, Belgium) solution. Six
different SA solutions, 70 mg/L each, were prepared at pH values of
2, 4, 6, 8,10, and 12. A mass of 0.1 g of each husk was added to 10
mL of each of the solutions. The samples were kept in a shaking water
bath (SHA-C water bath shaker, China) for 8 h to ensure complete adsorption,
and the final pH was recorded.
The pH of the solutions was adjusted using a 1 M HCl (Assay 37%, Honeywell,
Germany) solution or 0.1 M NaOH (Chem-Lab, Belgium) solution. Six
different SA solutions, 70 mg/L each, were prepared at pH values of
2, 4, 6, 8,10, and 12. A mass of 0.1 g of each husk was added to 10
mL of each of the solutions. The samples were kept in a shaking water
bath (SHA-C water bath shaker, China) for 8 h to ensure complete adsorption,
and the final pH was recorded.
10
Cocoa Powder Characterization Protocol
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Commercial fat-reduced cocoa powder (10-12% w/w) was supplied by Cargill (Schiphol, Netherlands). Analytical grade NaOH (98%) for alkalization was purchased from Chem-Lab NV (Zedelgem, Belgium) and demineralized water was purified using Elix type 2 pure water system 20 from Merck Millipore (Overijse, Belgium). Methanol (≥99.8%) and formic acid (98%) were obtained from Fischer Scientific (Loughborough, UK), while n-hexane (≥97%), acetone (99.8%) and acetic acid (99.8%) were purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium) . Reference compounds of theobromine, caffeine, epicatechin and catechin (>98% purity) were provided by Sigma Aldrich (Overijse, Belgium). All the other chemicals were of highest grade commercially available.
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