Statistical analysis system for windows sas version 9

To evaluate the influence of epileptic seizure frequency, sex, epilepsy etiology, age at onset of the first epileptic seizure and polypharmacy on occurrence of behavioral changes after LEV application, statistical analysis was performed using a commercial statistical software (Statistical Analysis System for Windows SAS®, version 9.4 by using the SAS® Enterprise Guide® version 7.15 Client (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA). Model-residuals of quantitative data were checked for normal distribution using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and visual assessment of QQ plots. For data which were not normally distributed, median (m) and minimum-maximum, (min-max) are described. Since the assumption on normal distribution of quantitative parameters was rejected, non-parametric methods (Wilcoxon two sample Test, Kruskall-Wallis-Test) were used. To evaluate qualitative data a Fisher exact test was implemented. A p < 0.05 was considered to be significant.

Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Analysis System for Windows SAS, version 9.4 by using the SAS Enterprise Guide version 7.1 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, United States). A three-factorial analysis of variance was applied by using the procedure mixed to determine effects of ‘treatment’ (=glyphosate formulation), ‘concentration’ and ‘day’ for parameters measured daily. Treatment and concentration were set as independent factors. Statistical analysis applies for days 7 to 16; however, only days 7 and 16 (before application and end of application) are displayed in graphs and tables to improve readability. For parameters obtained once per treatment or from pooled samples, only effects of ‘treatment’ and ‘concentration’ were analysed by two-factorial analysis of variance. The levels of significance were set at ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01 and ^***p < 0.001. Data are presented as means ± SD.

The subsequent statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft® Excel 2021 and a commercial statistical software [Statistical Analysis System for Windows SAS®, version 9.4 using the SAS® Enterprise Guide® Version 7.15 Client (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA)]. The data to be evaluated were checked for normal distribution using the Shapiro–Wilk and Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests and by visual assessment of individual histograms. Descriptive statistics are provided; in case of a non-significant deviation from the normal distribution, mean values were taken. In contrast, when there was a significant deviation from the normal distribution, the median (m) and minimum and maximum (min–max) were described. Logistic regression was used to assemble correlations between qualitative characteristics, as well as between quantitative and qualitative variables. The Wilcoxon two-sample test was applied to non-normally distributed quantitative data and the Fisher's exact test to qualitative data. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant and a p-value < 0.1 was considered statistically noticeable.