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6 protocols using steponeplus rt qpcr machine

1

Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Quantification

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DNA was isolated from synaptosomes using the DNA micro kit (Qiagen, Germantown, MD, United States) per manufacturer protocol. A total of 20 ng of DNA was used as template for RT-qPCR analysis to determine mitochondrial DNA copy number was determined with the following primers and probe: 5′-CGTAGCCCAAACAA TTTCAT-3′ (forward), 5′-GTTTCTGCTAGGGTTGAGAT-3′ (reverse), 5′-/56-FAM/ACCCAAGAA/ZEN/CACATATGATTAC TTCTG C/31AbkFQ/-3′ (probe). The primers were designed to amplify the mouse mitochondrial genome (NCBI Ref Seq NC_005089.1) between 3,155 and 3,309. Samples were run on an Applied Biosystems StepOnePlus RT-qPCR machine and samples were subjected to an initial holding period of 2 min at 50°C followed by initial denaturation for 10 min at 95°C followed by 40 cycles of amplification and detection using a standard two-step protocol. Each cycle consisted of denaturation for 15 s at 95°C followed by combined annealing/extension for 1 min at 60°C, signal acquisition occurred in parallel with the extension. Relative fluorescence and threshold cycle time values were normalized per μg of synaptosome input (protein mass) for the DNA isolation.
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2

RNA Extraction and RT-qPCR Analysis

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Twenty to 30 first instar larvae were collected in 20 µl cold Trizol and manually crushed with a pestle. Additional Trizol was then added to a total volume of 500 µl, 100 µl chloroform was added, and the aqueous layer containing extracted RNA was isolated. Extracted RNA was further purified with the RNeasy kit (Qiagen) and converted to cDNA using an S1000 Thermo Cycler (Bio-Rad) with high capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed on a StepOnePlus RT-qPCR machine (Applied Biosystems) with each reaction consisting of triplicate samples containing iTaq Universal Probes Supermix (Bio-Rad), pre-validated 6-carboxyfluorescein (FAM)-labeled TaqMan probes (Applied Biosystems) against Stim, Orai and RPL32 (housekeeping gene), and template cDNA diluted per the manufacturer's instructions. For quantification, triplicate cycle threshold (Ct) values were averaged and normalized to the RPL32 Ct value to calculate ΔCt. The Δ(ΔCt) was determined by subtracting the control RNAi ΔCt value from the experimental ΔCt value, and fold changes expressed as 2−Δ(ΔCt). Fold changes are expressed as a percentage of expression compared to non-targeting RNAi control.
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3

Real-time qPCR Analysis of S. mansoni miRNA

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Real-time quantitative PCRs were performed across two life cycle stages of S. mansoni representing juvenile (28 days post-infection, d.p.i.) and adult worms (49 d.p.i.) using TaqMan Small RNA Assays (Supplementary S1 Text) purchased from Applied Biosystems (Life Technologies, UK). Reverse transcription and quantitative PCR experiments were performed according to manufacturer’s instructions in a StepOnePlus RT-qPCR machine (Applied Biosystems, Life Technologies, UK). S. mansoni U6 was used as the endogenous control [20 (link)] (gene entry sma.U6.1.1 in http://www.genedb.org/Homepage/Smansoni) and fold changes to miRNA expression were estimated using the delta-delta-Ct method [67 (link)].
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4

cDNA Synthesis and RT-qPCR Normalization

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cDNA was prepared by first strand synthesis using the TURBO DNA-free Kit (REF AM1907; Invitrogen) and Superscript III (REF 5675; Invitrogen). First, 2.5 µg of total RNA was treated with DNase I and incubated at 37°C for 30 min. After inactivation with DNase Inactivation Reagent, 2 μl of DNase-treated RNA was combined with 4.5 μl of a master mix containing random hexamers Roche and dNTPs. Samples were incubated at 65°C for 5 min, then placed on ice. While on ice, 3.5 μl of RT master mix (1X first-strand buffer, DTT, RNaseOUT, SSIII [REF 56575; Invitrogen]) was added to each tube, then samples were incubated at 25°C for 5 min, 50°C for 1 h, and 70°C for 15 min. For RT-qPCR, 5.2 μl Absolute Blue SYBR Green ROX (REF AB-4162; Thermo Fisher Scientific) and 4.8 μl cDNA (diluted 1:20 prior to use) was added to each well of qPCR plates (REF 4346906; Life Technologies). Samples were run on a StepOnePlus RT-qPCR machine (Applied Biosystems). Average CT values of triplicate reactions were used to calculate expression changes. RT-qPCR data was normalized to ACT1 for mitotic experiments and PFY1 for meiotic experiments (primers listed in Table S3).
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5

RNA Extraction, cDNA Synthesis, and RT-qPCR

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The RNA was extracted from brain and cell lines with TriZOL reagent (15596018, ThermoFisher Scientific) per ThermoFisher protocol, precipitated from 100% isopropanol and washed in 70% ethanol. RNA was quantified and purity assessed (260 nm: 280 nm value between 1.8 and 2.2) by UV-Vis spectroscopy (Beckman Coulter DU 640 Spectrophotometer). cDNA was synthesized using 2.5 μM Oligo dT 20 primer (18418020, ThermoFisher Scientific) and Superscript III Reverse Transcriptase (18080044, ThermoFisher Scientfic) per ThermoFisher published protocol. RT-qPCR was performed with iQ SYBR Green Supermix (Bio-Rad) using a StepOnePlus RT-qPCR machine (Applied Biosystems) with gene specific primers (Supplementary Table S1). mRNA levels were normalized to GAPDH. Relative levels of mRNAs IP’ed were then normalized to overall mRNA levels in lysate. Ct values obtained were verified to be within the linear concentration range obtained for primers (see MIQE in Supplementary Files). A sample lacking reverse transcriptase (RT-) and a non-template control (NTC) were run for each sample/ primer set and verified to have non-detectable fluorescence. Melt curves were analyzed to verify a single peak at the appropriate melt temperature. Experiments were performed at least three times and a two-tailed T-test was performed to determine significance.
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6

Determining PilB Metal Binding Specificity

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The metal-binding specificity of PilB was tested using ThermoFluor, a fluorescent-based method measuring changes in thermal denaturation temperature (27 (link)). Assays were done in a 96-well plate (Applied Biosystems) format. In the wells, we added to a final volume of 40 µL 1) 0 to 1 mM range of concentrations of MgCl2, MnCl2, and CaCl2, 2) 20 µM purified PilB or PilBD319A, and 3) 1/5,000 dilution of SYBR Orange (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Plates were then analyzed using a temperature gradient, from 25 to 99 °C, on a StepOnePlus RT-qPCR machine (Applied Biosystems). The data were exported in MATLAB and analyzed in GraphPad. Analyses were performed with Prism (GraphPad Software). Kd were calculated using nonlinear regression fits, applying saturation binding equation (One site − Total and nonspecific binding) using Ca2+ as nonspecific binding control.
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