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6 protocols using hi 9147

1

Comprehensive Water Quality Analysis Protocol

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Selected environmental parameters in the water sample were analyzed using the methodologies provided in APHA, AWWA, and WEF56 , i.e., total solids, total hardness, NO3- N, NH3- N, TKN, PO43−3 , and BOD5. Total organic carbon (TOC) was determined using a TOC analyzer (multi N/C 2100/2100s, Analytik Jena, Germany), fluoride (F) concentration with an ion selective electrode (Thermo Scientific, ORION STAR A324), and chloride (Cl) with a Dionex ICS-900 ion chromatograph (Thermo Fisher Inc., Japan). Each water sample (50 mL) was passed through a cellulose membrane filter, 0.45 μm pore size, and then acidified with 0.05 mL double-distilled hydrochloric acid (HCl, Merck) to pH < 2. Heavy metals (i.e., Cd, Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn, Pb, Fe, and Mn) were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS; AAnalyst200, PerkinElmer).
Water temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) level were determined with a DO meter (HI 9147, Hanna Instruments, USA), pH with a LAB 850 set pH meter (Accumet AP115, USA), and water depth with a wooden ruler (2 m). Air temperatures at the sampling site were determined at the time of water sampling with a digital thermometer.
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2

Carp Acclimation and Characterization

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For the experimental procedure, 100 fingering common carp (Cyprinus carpio) with an average weight of 4.85 ± 0.6 g were bought and transferred to the research center (laboratory of the Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Guilan province, Iran) The fish were randomly divided into 4 tanks (250 L— 25 fish in each tank). In order to adapt to the laboratory conditions, the fish were maintained in these tanks for 2 weeks. They were fed a commercial diet (produced by Faradaneh Co., Tehran, Iran) at 3% of biomass weight, twice a day, during the adaptation period. Physicochemical parameters of water were measured every day and they were the same in all tanks (pH 6.7–7.4, temperature 25 ± 1 °C, DO 8 mg·L−1, NH3 < 0.02 mg·L−1 and total hardness 185 mg CaCO3). The pH and temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), NH3 concentration and total hardness of water (CaCO3 concentration) were measured by a digital soil and substrate pH meter (S500 pro, Aqua Masters, Burbank, CA, USA), a dissolved oxygen meter for aquaculture (HI9147, HANNA Instruments, Bertoki, Slovenia) and multiparameter photometers (7100, Palintest Co., Gateshead, UK) twice a day, respectively.
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3

Oxygen Production and Singlet Oxygen Detection

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For O2 production by the CSMS-PEG CNFs, H2O2 with different concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100 mM) was added to the CSMS aqueous solution (100 μg ml−1). The generated concentration of O2 was monitored every 1 min using a portable dissolved oxygen meter (HANNA HI9147). 1O2 was detected using a singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG; Invitrogen) reagent in PBS buffer. SOSG solution (2.5 μM) was added to the CSMS-PEG CNF PBS suspension (100 μg ml−1, 3 ml). Then the mixture was exposed to an 808-nm laser (1.0 W cm−2) for 5 min with and without H2O2. In addition, after excitation at 488 nm, the emission spectrum between 500 and 600 nm of the mixture was collected using an RF-6000 fluorescence spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan).
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4

Freshwater Quality Monitoring Protocol

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Water temperature (° C), oxygen concentration expressed as a percentage of saturation (% sat), pH, and conductivity (mS cm -1 ) were measured on 28 May 2018 using HI 9147 (for oxygen), HI 9125 pH / ORP (for pH and temperature), and HI 9033 (for conductivity) with field meters (Hanna Instruments Inc., Woonsocket, Rhode Island, USA). Three replicates were taken for each parameter. The water samples were collected in plastic containers (1 L; three replicates) for nutrients (ammonia, nitrates, phosphates), placed in a portable cooler, and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Measurements were performed using a bench-top multi-parameter spectrophotometer (model HI 83200-02, Hanna Instruments Inc.) and following the manufacturer's instructions. The nitrate concentration (NO 3 -, mg L -1 ) was calculated by adapting the cadmium reduction method (absorption at 525 nm) (APHA, 1998); the ammonia content (NH 4 + , mg L -1 ) by adapting the Nessler method (absorption at 420 nm) (ASTM, 2015); the phosphate concentration
, mg L -1 ) was measured by adapting the method with ascorbic acid (absorption at 610 nm) (APHA, 1998).
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5

Comprehensive Analysis of Landfill Leachates

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The COD values of each sample were measured via Vario TOC Select (Elementar GmbH, Germany); the ammonia (NH4+-N), nitrate and nitrite (NOx-N), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were detected by using an automated discrete analyzer Italy) . Handheld instruments were used to detect the pH (PH-Scan, Shanghai) and DO (HI9147, Hanna, Italy) contents of leachates on the outlets of the landfill columns (Fig. S1).
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6

Wastewater Treatment Performance Evaluation

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Total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), ammonium, nitrates, nitrites nitrogen, total phosphorous, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), were measured according to standard methods (APHA et al., 2012) . Organics matter and alkalinity were estimated measuring the total carbon (TC) and total organic carbon (TOC) by using Shimadzu TOC-V CSN analyser. Inorganic carbon (IC) was calculated as difference between TC and TOC.
The concentrations of free ammonia (FA) and free nitrous acid (FNA) were estimated according to Anthonisen et al. (1976) .
Transmembrane pressure (TMP) was measured separately for each DM by using an electronic pressure gauge (COMARK C9505/IS, Pressure Meter, 0e30 PSI). Darcy's equation was used to estimate total DM resistance (R) as follows (Li et al., 2012) (link):
Where J is the permeate flux, DP is TMP across the membrane, m is the viscosity of the permeate (assumed of clean water), and R is total membrane resistance.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration inside the bioreactors was monitored by using a DO meter (HANNA HI 9147). Effluent turbidity and pH were measured using a turbidimeter (HACH 2100 P ISO TURBIDIMETER) and a pH-meter (Crison GLP 22), respectively. Average daily fluxes from the three DM modules were estimated by dividing the volume of the filtrate collected from each filtration module by the filtration area of each module.
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