MEG signals were recorded at the ULB-Hôpital Erasme with a whole-scalp-covering neuromagnetometer (Vectorview & Maxshield™; Elekta Oy, Helsinki, Finland). Head position inside the MEG helmet was continuously monitored using four head-tracking coils. The locations of the coils and at least 150 head-surface (on scalp, nose and face) points with respect to anatomical fiducials were determined with an electromagnetic tracker (Fastrak, Polhemus, Colchester, VT, USA). The recording passband was 0.1–330 Hz for MEG signals and 0–330 Hz for accelerometer and recorded voice signals; all signals were sampled at 1 kHz.
Maxshield
Manufactured by Elekta
Sourced in Finland
Maxshield is a radiation shielding system designed for use in medical imaging and radiotherapy applications. It is engineered to provide effective protection against various types of ionizing radiation, including X-rays and gamma rays. The core function of Maxshield is to create a shielded environment that safeguards personnel and patients from potential radiation exposure during diagnostic and treatment procedures.
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8 protocols using maxshield
1
Whole-Scalp MEG Recording Protocol
2
Magnetoencephalography Neuroimaging Protocol
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All MEG recordings were obtained in the Magnetoencephalography Laboratory at the Florida Hospital for Children, with a 306-channel Elekta Neuromag TRIUX system in a three-layer magnetically shielded room (Vacuumschmelze GmbH & Co, Germany), following recommended practices for conducting and reporting MEG research (Gross et al., 2013) . The MEG system consists in an array of 204 orthogonal planar gradiometers and 102 magnetometers housed in a head-shaped helmet over 102 locations. During the recordings, participants were in supine position and their heads were covered by the MEG sensor array. Prior to MEG recordings, a 3D digitizer (Polhemus, VT, USA) was used to record the position of fiducial landmarks (i.e., nasion and preauricular points), five head-position-indicator (HPI) coils, and head shape. The individual position of each participant's head relative to the sensor helmet was determined at the beginning and at the end of the recording session, based on the five HPI coils. A closed-loop real-time noise cancellation ("MaxShield", Elekta Neuromag, Helsinki, Finland) was applied during the recordings, and data were acquired at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz with a 0.1-330 Hz band-pass filter.
3
Multimodal Neuroimaging of Brain Activity
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Neuromagnetic activity was recorded during 5 minutes at rest (eyes opened, fixation cross, band-pass: 0.1-330 Hz, sampling frequency: 1 kHz) with a 306 whole-scalp MEG system installed in a light-weight magnetically shielded room (Maxshield™, Elekta Oy, Helsinki, Finland; now MEGIN; see 92 for detailed characteristics). Ten children, 18 adults and 20 elders were scanned with the Vectorview™ version of the system (Elekta Oy, Helsinki, Finland), while 22 children, 20 adults and 15 elders were scanned with the Triux™ version (MEGIN, Helsinki, Finland) due to a system upgrade. The two neuromagnetometers have identical sensor layout (i.e., 102 magnetometers and 102 pairs of orthogonal planar gradiometers) but differ in sensor dynamic range. Of note, previous works from our group mixing recordings from these two systems did not reveal significant changes in data quality 93, 94 , including for static rsFC 32, 95 .
In all subjects, four coils continuously tracked their head position inside the MEG helmet.
Coils' location and approximately 200 scalp points were determined with respect to anatomical fiducials using an electromagnetic tracker (Fastrack, Polhemus, Colchester, Vernont, USA).
Participant's high-resolution 3D T1-weighted cerebral magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were acquired on a 1.5 T MRI scanner (Intera, Philips, The Netherlands).
In all subjects, four coils continuously tracked their head position inside the MEG helmet.
Coils' location and approximately 200 scalp points were determined with respect to anatomical fiducials using an electromagnetic tracker (Fastrack, Polhemus, Colchester, Vernont, USA).
Participant's high-resolution 3D T1-weighted cerebral magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were acquired on a 1.5 T MRI scanner (Intera, Philips, The Netherlands).
4
Sensitivity of 4He Magnetometer
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Sensitivity of the 4 He magnetometer has been characterized in a laboratory environment inside the cylindrical five-layer µ-metal passive magnetic shield (length 1.5 m and inner diameter 0.6 m). It was also measured in a clinical environment inside a light two-layer passive magnetic shielded room (MSR) combined with an internal active shielding (Maxshield from Elekta Neuromag®). In both cases, the typical residual magnetic fields inside the shields are 20-30 nT. In the laboratory environment, the measured sensitivity of a single magnetometer is around 210 fT/√Hz between 2 and 300 Hz (bandwidth of the 4 He magnetometer is set by electronic regulation to 300 Hz but higher cutoff frequencies could be chosen) (Figure 3). The low-frequency noise increase below 2 Hz is being currently investigated. Sensitivity in clinical environment is somewhat deteriorated at low frequency due to magnetic disturbances induced by the building ventilation.
5
Resting-state MEG Recording Across the Lifespan
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Neuromagnetic activity was recorded during 5 min at rest (eyes opened, fixation cross, band-pass 0.1–330 Hz, sampling frequency 1 kHz) with a 306 whole-scalp MEG system installed in a light-weight magnetically shielded room (Maxshield, Elekta Oy, Helsinki, Finland; now MEGIN; see98 (link) for detailed characteristics). Ten children, 18 adults and 20 elders were scanned with the Vectorview version of the system (Elekta Oy, Helsinki, Finland), while 22 children, 20 adults and 15 elders were scanned with the Triux version (MEGIN, Helsinki, Finland) due to a system upgrade. The two neuromagnetometers have identical sensor layout (i.e., 102 magnetometers and 102 pairs of orthogonal planar gradiometers) but differ in sensor dynamic range. Of note, previous works from our group mixing recordings from these two systems did not reveal significant changes in data quality99 (link),100 (link), including for static rsFC32 (link),101 (link).
In all subjects, four coils continuously tracked their head position inside the MEG helmet. Coils’ location and approximately 200 scalp points were determined with respect to anatomical fiducials using an electromagnetic tracker (Fastrack, Polhemus, Colchester, Vernont, USA).
Participant’s high-resolution 3D T1-weighted cerebral magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were acquired on a 1.5 T MRI scanner (Intera, Philips, The Netherlands).
In all subjects, four coils continuously tracked their head position inside the MEG helmet. Coils’ location and approximately 200 scalp points were determined with respect to anatomical fiducials using an electromagnetic tracker (Fastrack, Polhemus, Colchester, Vernont, USA).
Participant’s high-resolution 3D T1-weighted cerebral magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were acquired on a 1.5 T MRI scanner (Intera, Philips, The Netherlands).
6
Magnetoencephalography Protocol for Synchronized Data
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MEG data were recorded using a whole-scalp-covering 306-channel neuromagnetometer (102 sensor chipsets, each comprising one magnetometer and two orthogonal planar gradiometers) installed in a light-weight magnetically shielded room (Vectorview and MaxShield; Elekta Oy, Helsinki, Finland), the characteristics of which are described elsewhere98 (link). The MEG signal was recorded at a sampling rate of 1 kHz using a band-pass filter set at 0.1–330 Hz. Head position was continuously monitored using four head-tracking coils. The locations of the coils and at least 150 head-surface (on scalp, nose, and face) points with respect to anatomical fiducials were digitized using an electromagnetic tracker (Fastrack, Polhemus, Colchester, VT).
To ensure accurate synchronization for frequency-tagged analyses (see below), a trigger was sent in the MEG recording every 3 tones via a parallel port Arduino system (https://www.arduino.cc ). Triggers were also sent into the MEG recording when there was a repetition during HAB streams and when participants pressed the button box.
To ensure accurate synchronization for frequency-tagged analyses (see below), a trigger was sent in the MEG recording every 3 tones via a parallel port Arduino system (
7
Somatosensory Evoked Magnetic Fields Measurement
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Somatosensory evoked magnetic fields (SEFs) were recorded using a whole-scalp-covering MEG (Vectorview, Elekta Oy, Helsinki, Finland) installed in a lightweight magnetic shielded room (Maxshield, Elekta Oy, Helsinki, Finland; De Tiège et al., 2008 (link)). The MEG sensor layout consisted in 102 sets, each comprising one magnetometer and two orthogonal planar gradiometers with different spatial sensitivity (i.e., lead field) to right beneath or nearby neural sources. Four head-tracking coils monitored subjects’ head position inside the MEG helmet. The location of the coils and at least 150 head-surface (on scalp, nose and face) points with respect to anatomical fiducials were determined with an electromagnetic tracker (Fastrak, Polhemus, Colchester, VT, USA). Eye movements and blinks were monitored with vertical and horizontal electrooculograms (EOGs). Electrocardiogam (ECG) was recorded using bipolar electrodes placed below the clavicles. All signals were bandpassed at 0.1–330 Hz and sampled at 1 kHz. Subjects’ high-resolution 3D-T1 cerebral magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were acquired on a 1.5 T MRI scanner (Intera, Philips, Netherlands).
8
Multimodal Neuroimaging Protocol for MEG and MRI
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MEG data were recorded using a whole-scalp-covering 306-channel neuromagnetometer installed in a light-weight magnetically shielded room (Vectorview and MaxShield; Elekta Oy, Helsinki, Finland), the characteristics of which have been described elsewhere (De Tie `ge et al. 2008 ). The MEG device has 102 sensor chipsets, each comprising one magnetometer and two orthogonal planar gradiometers. The MEG signal was recorded using a band-pass filter set at 0.1-330 Hz and a sampling rate of 1 kHz. Head position was continuously monitored using four head-tracking coils. The locations of the coils and at least 150 head-surface (on scalp, nose, and face) points with respect to anatomical fiducials were digitized with an electromagnetic tracker (Fastrack, Polhemus, Colchester, VT). An electrooculogram (EOG) recording both vertical and horizontal eye movements and a chest electrocardiogram (ECG) were also used to acquire data simultaneous to MEG data using bipolar electrodes (band-pass filter: 0.1-330 Hz, sampling rate: 1 kHz). Finally, a 3D-T1 cerebral magnetic resonance image (MRI) was acquired on a 1.5 T MRI scanner (Intera, Philips, The Netherlands).
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