Microfluidizer processor m 110p

CNCs (concentration of 2.6 wt.%) from (Alberta Innovates Technology Futures, AITF, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) and CNFs (concentration of 3.6 wt.%) from University of Maine (UM, Orono, Maine, USA) were used for the study. Class H well cement was provided by Halliburton Energy Services (Houston, TX, USA), ASTM Type II deionized water was provided by VWR International LLC (Radnor, PA, USA).
CNFs were dispersed in water to form 1 wt.% suspension using a magnetic stirrer (IKA RET Basic, IKA-Works, Inc., Wilmington, NC, USA) for 15 min. The suspension was passed 10 and 30 times through a Supermass Collider machine (MKCA6-3, Masuko Sangyo Co., ltd, Tokyo, Japan) at 1500 rpm. The processed suspension was passed through a microfluidics homogenizer (Microfluidizer Processor M-110P, Microfluidics Corp., Newton, MA, USA) five times with operating pressure of 200 MPa.

48 wt% sulfuric acid (fiber-to-acid weight ratio of 1 to 10) was used to hydrolyze bleached wood pulp at 45 °C for about 1 h. Deionized water was then added to dilute the acid and pulp mixture to 10 folds to stop the reaction. The material was centrifuged to remove most sulfuric acid in the diluted suspension. The residual acid was further removed through dialyzing in 3 to 5 days using the regenerated cellulose dialysis tube. After neutral pH was reached, the obtained aqueous suspension was passed through a high-pressure homogenizer (Microfluidizer Processor M-110P, Microfluidics Corp., Newton, MA, U.S.A.) five times under an operating pressure of 200 MPa.