Sodium alginate, chitosan, urea (purity ≥ 98%), glutaricdialdehyde (2.5 wt% solution in water), sodium hydroxide (purity ≥ 98%), orthophosphoric acid (purity ≥ 100%), dimethylformamide (for analysis), glycidol (purity ≥ 96%), sodium borohydride (purity ≥ 99%), sodium periodate (purity ≥ 99%), were obtained from Acros Organic. Calcium chloride (purity ≥ 96%), aceticacid (purity ≥ 99%)were purchased from Avantor Performance Materials.
Glycidol
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in Belgium, United States, Poland
Glycidol is a chemical compound that is commonly used as a reagent in organic synthesis. It has a molecular formula of C3H6O2 and a molar mass of 74.08 g/mol. Glycidol is a colorless, viscous liquid with a characteristic odor.
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Lab products found in correlation
Isopropyl alcohol, by Avantor (2 mentions)
Allyl alcohol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Tetrapropylammonium hydroxide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Titanium isopropoxide, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Avantor (2 mentions)
Hydrogen peroxide solution, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
D glucose, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Butan 1 ol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Bradford reagent, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Tetraethyl orthosilicate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Poly allylamine hydrochloride, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ethyl acetate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Methanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Sodium borohydride, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Dimethylformamide, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Urea, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Orthophosphoric acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Sodium periodate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Chitosan, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
10 protocols using glycidol
1
Hydrogel Synthesis and Functionalization
2
Monodisperse Agarose Bead Synthesis
3
Synthesis and Quantification of N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)valine
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Glycidol (98%, CAS No. 556-52-5) was purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). L-Valine-(13C5) (96–98% purity), RS-glyceraldehyde and sodium cyanoborohydride, used for the synthesis of the internal standard N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-(13C5)valine, were obtained from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc (Tewksbury, MA, USA) and Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA) respectively. Cyanoacetic acid and ammonium hydroxide were purchased from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). The analytical standard used for the calibration curve, fluorescein thiohydantoin of N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)valine (diHOPrVal-FTH), was synthesized previously within the research group [15 (link)]. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was purchased from Karl Industries (Aurora, OH, USA) and potassium hydrogen carbonate (KHCO3) from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All other chemicals (analytical grade) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA).
4
Synthesis and Characterization of RF Aerogels and Carbon Aerogels
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R (∼98%, TCI America), F (∼38%, Sigma aldrich) and glycidol (∼96%, Acros) were all used as received.
The synthesis methods of RF aerogels and CAs have been detailed described in our previous studies.3 (link) In this study, the synthetic scheme and preparation parameters of RF aerogels and CAs are shown inFig. 1 and Table 1 . Briefly, the R was dissolved into the F and the deioned water was added into the R–F solution to obtain the mixture solution of R and F with the continuous stirring of magnetic stirrer. The wet RF gels were obtained by adding the glycidol into the mixture solution of R and F. The organic RF aerogels were prepared by aging, solvent-exchange and drying of the wet RF gels. Then, the CAs were prepared by pyrolyzing of the organic RF aerogels at 900 °C under a N2 atmosphere. In order to investigate the effect of concentration of glycidol on the properties of RF aerogels and CAs. The molar ratio of R and F were set to 1/2, the amount of glycidol was set to 1, 2 and 3 ml while the amount of water was set to 10, 15 and 20 ml, respectively. The obtained samples were named S1–S5 referred to the concentration of glycidol of 7.58%, 5.50%, 4.31%, 8.27% and 11.91%, which can be calculated by
The synthesis methods of RF aerogels and CAs have been detailed described in our previous studies.3 (link) In this study, the synthetic scheme and preparation parameters of RF aerogels and CAs are shown in
5
Synthesis and Purification of Sulfated Polymers
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Glycidol (96%) and ε-caprolactone (99%) were purchased from Acros Organics, (Morris Plains, NJ, USA) and were distilled prior to their use. Tin (II)-2-ethylhexanoate (Sn(Oct)2) and sulfur trioxide pyridine complex were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Hamburg, Germany). Tofacitinib citrate was purchased from Medchemexpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA). Sunitinib was purchased from Selleckchem (Houston, TX, USA). A PD-10 SephadexTM G-25 Desalting Column was purchased from GE Healthcare (Stockholm, Sweden). For the purification of the polymer before sulfation, tangential flow filtration (TFF) was used with a 30 kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) regenerated cellulose cassette (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) in a cassette holder (Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany). A peristaltic pump (Gibson, Nashville, TN, USA) was used to circulate the solution into the system. Benzoylated cellulose dialysis membrane (Sigma-Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany, MWCO = 2 kDa) was used to purify the sulfated polymer.
6
Synthesis and Characterization of Glucose Oxidase Nanomaterials
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Titanium isopropoxide (TiiP; ≥98%), allyl alcohol (≥99%; extra pure), d -(+)-glucose (ACS reagent, anhydrous) and glycidol (≥96%) were purchased from Acros Organics. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS; ≥98%), butan-1-ol (≥99.4%), hydrogen peroxide solution (H2O2; ∼30% w/w in H2O), poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH, average molar mass 17 500 g mol−1) and Bradford reagent were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Ethyl acetate (for gas chromatography ECD and FID) and tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH; 40% in H2O) were purchased from Merck. Titanium(iv ) sulfate (∼15%) was purchased from Fisher Scientific. Hydrochloric acid (HCl; ∼37%) and isopropyl alcohol (iPrOH) were respectively purchased from VWR Chemicals and VWR Life Sciences. Glucose oxidase (GOx) from Aspergillus niger was purchased from TCI. Distilled water was used for all synthesis and treatment processes.
7
Synthesis and Purification of Cyanine Dye-Labeled Polymers
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Potassium tert-butoxide was purchased from ABCR (Karlsruhe, Germany). Anhydrous Toluene and DTT were bought from Acros (Geel, Belgium). Diphenyl phosphate was provided by TCI Chemicals (Tokyo, Japan). 2-Hydroxyethyl disulfide, DCM, Sn(Oct)2, Strontium ispopropoxide, Mg(HMDS)2, TBD, DBU, TCEP, and GSH were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and used without further purification. Tert-Butanol was bought from Grüssing GmbH (Filsum, Germany). Glycidol (Acros) and ε-CL (TCI) were distilled prior to use and stored in a Schlenk flask over a molecular sieve (4 Å). Cyanine-5-amine was purchased from Lumiprobe (Hannover, Germany). Pur-A-Lyzer Maxi 6000 Dialysis Kit was bought from Sigma Aldrich. Doxorubicin hydrochloride was purchased from ABCR GmbH.
8
Multifunctional Titanium-Silica Hybrid Materials
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Materials Titanium isopropoxide (TiiP; ≥ 98%), allyl alcohol (≥ 99%; extra pure), D-(+)-glucose (ACS reagent, anhydrous) and glycidol (≥ 96%) were purchased from Acros Organics. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS; ≥ 98%), Butan-1-ol (≥ 99.4%), hydrogen peroxide solution (H 2 O 2 ; ≥ 30% w/w in H 2 O), poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH, average molar mass 17 500 g.mol -1 ) and Bradford reagent were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Ethyl acetate (for gas chromatography ECD and FID) and tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH; 40% in H 2 O) were purchased from Merck. Titanium (IV) sulfate (≥ 15%) was purchased from Fisher Scientific. Hydrochloric acid (HCl; ≥ 37%) and isopropyl alcohol (PrOH) were respectively purchased from VWR Chemicals and VWR Life Sciences. Glucose oxidase (GOx) from Aspergillus niger was purchased from TCI.
Distilled water was used for all synthesis and treatment processes.
Distilled water was used for all synthesis and treatment processes.
9
Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles with Multifunctional Ligands
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Al(NO3)3 • 9H2O (Merck, Warsaw, Poland), ACS reagent, ≥98% (Merck, Poland), 1,4-naphtalene dicarboxylic acid (1,4-NDC), 98% (AmBeed Inc., Arlington, IL, USA), HAuCl4 • 3H2O), ACS reagent, ≥49.0% Au basis (Merck, Poland), 1-octadecanethiol ≥98% (Merck, Poland), tetraoctylammonium bromide [CH3 (CH2)7]4NBr TOAB, 98% (Merck, Poland), tetrabuthylammonium bromide ([CH3 (CH2)3]4NBr) TBAB, 98% (Merck, Poland), NaBH4, powder ≥ 98% (Sigma Aldrich, Poznań, Poland), glycidol, (Gly) 96% (Thermo Scientific, Bionovo, Legnica, Poland), Epichlorohydrine (EPI), 99% (Thermo Scientific, Bionovo, Poland), Styren oxide (St-O) ≥ 97% (Thermo Scientific, Bionovo, Poland), (+/−) Propylene oxide (Pr-O), ≥99% (Thermo Scientific, Bionovo, Poland), dimethylformamide DMF (>95%) (Chemat, Gdansk, Poland), dichlormethane (DCM) > 95%, (Chemat, Poland), ethyl acetate > 95%, (Chemat, Poland), toluene (>95%) (Chemat, Poland), ethanol anhydrous (≥99%) (Chemat, Poland), 4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-amine (4-Atrz), 95% (AmBeed, Inc., Arlington, USA), 5-amino-1H-tetrazole (5-Atz), 95% (Angene Chemical, Hyderabad, India), anizole anhydrous, 99.7%, (Merck, Poland), propylene carbonate, anhydrous 99.7%, (Merck, Poland), 4-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, ≥98%, (Merck, Poland), methanol anhydrous, 99% (Merck, Poland).
10
Sunscreen Formulation and Characterization
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PLA (Mn = 11–12 kDa) was obtained from Lactel Absorbable Polymers. 1,1,1‐tris(hydroxymethyl)propane, potassium methoxide, 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), N,Nʹ‐diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), dimethylformamide (DMF), diethyl ether (ether), and PO, and poly(l ‐lysine) (PLL) were obtained from Sigma‐Aldrich. Glycidol, octinoxate, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dichloromethane (DCM), acetonitrile (ACN), acetone, methanol, deionized water, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), DiIC18(5) solid (DiD), and dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR123) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Eusolex‐9020 and ‐OCR were obtained from EMD Millipore. Sunscreen purity was confirmed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis against secondary standards from Aldrich. VITRO‐SKIN® was obtained from IMS, Inc., and HelioPlates HD6 polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) plates from Labsphere. Aldehyde quantification assay (ab138882) was purchased from Abcam. Polymers HPG and PLA‐HPG were prepared using literature methods.41
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