Dsc 2000

Gelatinization temperature was determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC 2000, TA instruments, New Castle, DE, USA). Samples (1–3 g) of the FMWC, wheat starch, parboiled wheat, and non-parboiled wheat were reconstituted in distilled water at 20 °C to a fixed water-to-starch ratio of 11.4, and stirred for 15 min at 500 rpm (IKA^® RT 10 Magnetic Stirrer, IKA-Werke GmbH, Staufen im Breisgau, Germany). A sub-sample (20–30 mg) was weighed into a Tzero hermetic pan (901683.901, TA Instruments, Flawil, Switzerland), sealed (Tzero 901684 lids), equilibrated at 20 °C, and heated to 95 °C at 5 °C/min. An empty pan was used as a reference. For each sample endotherm, the temperature at gelatinization onset (To), peak (Tp), and end (Te) were obtained using the system software.

DSC measurements were done on a DSC 2000 (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA). Briefly, an empty aluminum pan (<10 mg) was used as a reference probe, while 5–6 mg of each material (raw or membrane) was placed in an aluminum standard pan with a hole lid. Samples were heated from 5 to 350 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C min⁻¹ in a nitrogen atmosphere (flow rate: 20 mL min⁻¹) [52 (link)]. Experiments were performed by triplicate with independent samples. In this analysis, denaturation temperature (T_D), decomposition temperature (T_DS), melting temperature (T_m), and glass transition temperature (T_g) are reported.

Gelatinization temperature was determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC 2000, TA instruments, New Castle, DE, USA), as described previously [24 (link)]. FBFB samples (1.0–1.4 g) were reconstituted in distilled water at 20 °C to a fixed (30:1) water-to-starch ratio, stirred for 15 min at 500 rpm. A sub-sample (20–30 mg) was sealed hermetically in an aluminium differential scanning caloriemetry Tzero pan, equilibrated at 20 °C, and heated to 95 °C at 5 °C/min; an empty pan was used as a reference.

The thermal properties of common buckwheat starches were measured using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) (DSC2000, TA Instruments, USA). The dried starch sample (3.0 mg) was mixed with twice the volume of water and sealed in an aluminum pan at room temperature for 2 h. The sample pan was heated to 110°C at a rate of 10°C/min, and an empty aluminum pan was used as a control. The starch gelatinization parameters shown in the differential scanning calorimetry curve are the onset temperature (T_o), peak temperature (T_p), endset temperature (T_c) and gelatinization enthalpy (ΔH) (Uarrota et al., 2013 (link)).

The thermal properties of semi-dried rice noodles were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC 2000, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA). According to the method of Xu et al. [19 (link)] with minor modifications, 3.0 mg of powder samples were weighed (Semi-dried rice noodles samples were dried at 50 °C for 5 h, ground, and passed through 80-mesh sieves) in an aluminum crucible, distilled water was added at a ratio of 1:2 (w:w), and the samples were sealed using presses. Semi-dried rice powder samples were then equilibrated at 4 °C for 12 h. For DSC determination, the empty crucible was used as control, and the temperature was increased from 30 °C to 120 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C/min for testing.

The morphology of
the Px powder and the electrospun nanofibers was explored using a
scanning electron microscope (Zeiss LEO Supra 35VP) at 5 kV. The samples
were sputtered with a thin layer of Pd/Au before SEM analysis. The
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the samples were recorded
on a Thermo Nicolet 6700 spectrometer equipped with an ATR sampling
accessory. The spectra were recorded for 128-scan accumulation for
an acceptable signal/noise ratio at a resolution of 4 cm^–1. Thermal analysis of the materials was carried out using a Shimadzu
Corp. DTG-60H (TGA/DTA) by heating the samples to 600 °C at a
rate of 10 °C/min under a nitrogen atmosphere. Differential scanning
calorimetry analyses of the samples were performed on a DSC 2000 (TA
Instruments) through a heating–cooling cycle up to 270 °C
with a heating/cooling ramp rate of 10 °C min^–1. The data were analyzed using Trios software (TA Instruments). Wide-angle
X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples was performed on a RIGAKU
Smartlab diffractometer in the 2θ range of 4–40°.
The data were analyzed using high X′Pert HighScore analysis
software (version 2.0a). ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR
analysis of the samples was performed on an Agilent VNMRS 500 MHz
nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. The samples were dissolved
in D₂O. Each spectrum consisted of 128 scans for ¹H and 8000 scans for ¹³C analysis.