Sta 449 f3 jupiter analyzer

Powder X-ray diffraction patterns were collected on a Rigaku MiniFlex600 X-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation. The X-ray diffraction data was refined by the RIETAN-2,000 Rietveld refinement program42 . SEM images were taken with a JEOL JSM-7500F microscope (operating voltage, 5 kV) equipped with an EDS analyzer. TEM and high-resolution TEM imaging was obtained on Philips Tecnai G2 F20 (acceleration voltage, 200 kV). Chemical composition was determined by EDS and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS, Hitachi 180-90 spectrophotometer). Surface areas were calculated from the N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms at 77 K on BELsorp-Mini. Thermogravimetric analysis was carried out on a Netzsch STA 449 F3 Jupiter analyzer. XPS was performed by a Perkin Elmer PHI 1,600 ESCA system. The X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectra were collected on BL14W1 beamline of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) and analysed with software of Ifeffit Athena.

The thermal decomposition of the produced
samples was analyzed using a Netzsch STA 449 F3 Jupiter analyzer.
The freeze-dried samples (5 mg each) were heated in 85 μL aluminum
oxide crucibles (Netzsch) from 40 to 900 °C with a heating rate
of 10 K min^–1 in a stream of 50 mL/min air and 20
mL/min nitrogen (70 mL/min gas flow consisting of 15 vol % oxygen).

The morphologies of CaVO nanoribbons and cathodes were characterized via field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JEOL JSM7500F, 5 kV and Phenom XL, 15 kV). The SEM–energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of the samples are collected with Phenom XL at an acceleration voltage of 15 kV. The microstructure was characterized by TEM (FEI Talos F200X and FEI Talos F200X G2) equipped with EDS mapping at an acceleration voltage of 200 kV. The crystalline structure of samples was determined by XRD (Rigaku SmartLab) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15405 nm). TGA (Netzsch STA 449 F3 Jupiter analyzer) was carried out in an Ar flow from room temperature to 600 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C min⁻¹. In situ XRD experiments were performed using home-made cells that were designed with Be window for X-ray penetration. XPS (PerkinElmer PHI 1600 ESCA) was used to characterize the composition and surface oxidation state of the electrodes. V K-edge XANES spectra were collected at the beamline 14W1 in Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The solid state ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) was taken from a 400 MHz superconducting NMR spectrometer (AVANCE ||| 400).