High-speed video acquisition was performed during diametral compression test using a FASTCAM SA5 (Photron, San Diego, USA). The frame rate was 372 000 images per second. We used for standard tablets a frame size of 320 Â 40 pixels and for flattened tablet a frame size of 256 Â 48 pixels. The frame was centered on the tablet. To enhance the visualization, green ink was applied on the surface. This color corresponds to the best spectral response of the camera.
Fastcam sa5
Manufactured by Photron
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom
The Fastcam SA5 is a high-speed digital camera capable of capturing images at up to 7,500 frames per second. It features a CMOS sensor with a resolution of 1,024 x 1,024 pixels. The camera is designed for applications that require high-speed imaging, such as industrial, scientific, and research applications.
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Lab products found in correlation
14 protocols using fastcam sa5
1
High-Speed Video of Tablet Deformation
2
Impact Pressure and Kinetic Energy Analysis
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To determine the minimum, maximum, average impact pressure (psi), and impact radius (cm), each device was fired 100 times with every tenth time onto a pressure film (Fujifilm High Prescale Film, 7,100–18,300 psi, Fujifilm, Valhalla, NY). The pressure films were then analyzed using a flatbed scanner (Epson V570, Epson America, Inc., Los Alamitos, CA) and Fujifilm Pressure Distribution Mapping System (FPD-8010E, version 1.0, Fujifilm). The bolt velocity was determined by using a high-speed camera (Fastcam SA5, Photron USA, Inc., San Diego, CA) and accompanying analysis software (PFV3, Photron USA, Inc.). Each device was fired 10 times to get an average velocity. Kinetic energy (joules) was then calculated using the formula: kinetic energy = ½ (bolt mass) (velocity2).
3
Droplet Wetting Dynamics on SEnS-P Films
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For contact angle measurements, the water and oil droplets were placed on SEnS-P films using a flat-tipped hypodermic needle (Hamilton, N733 at 0.5”PT3). The wetting of impacting droplets on SEnS-P films was measured at 500 frames per second (fps) using a high-speed imaging camera (Photron FASTCAM SA5). All the images were processed using Fiji software (version 2.0.0) (52 (link)).
4
High-Speed Imaging of Catheter Model
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The catheter model was imaged using a high-speed camera (Fastcam SA5, Photron, Tokyo, Japan) with magnifying lenses (12 × zoom kit, Navitar, Rochester, New York), providing 10-μm spatial resolution and 9.5-μs temporal resolution, when operated at 105,000 frames per second. A high power lamp placed behind the container illuminated the fiber and catheter to provide adequate contrast.
5
Leidenfrost Dynamics on Hydrophobic Surfaces
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The temperature of the sample substrate was controlled using a heating stage. Specifically, the sample substrate was placed on a heater with a central hole (20-mm diameter) for visualization from the bottom. For each experiment, the temperature of the heating stage was kept constant, with an accuracy of 0.1 °C. The sample substrate required less than 1 min to achieve a uniformly distributed temperature across its surface. The drop was captured using a high-speed camera (Photron, Fastcam SA5) from the top, bottom, and side. The frame rate ranged from 500 to 2,000 fps, depending on the motion of the drop. An infrared camera (Fortic, 226s) was used to visualize the surface-temperature distribution from the bottom at 25 fps. The probability of standing Leidenfrost state on smooth hydrophobic sapphire slides was determined by imaging the contact area. The volume of the drops ranged from 3 to 40 μL, and the temperature ranged from 160 to 190 °C. The probability of ellipsoidal rotation was determined by analyzing several drops positioned on micropatterned surfaces with asymmetric effusivity. The volume of the drops ranged from 5 to 65 μL, and the temperature ranged from 170 to 280 °C. To ensure statistical significance, the probability was measured for a minimum of 10 drops.
6
Impacts on Cornstarch Suspensions
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We dropped a metal disc from varying heights into a cornstarch suspension (water and ethanol) with packing fractions φnom ~ 45% (the packing fraction is calculated with a cornstarch bulk density of 1.59 g cm−3). We guided the disk with a chute located above the container, which has photoelastic gelatin boundaries. We used these boundaries to track the force propagation during impact (see Supplemental Materials ). The disk had a diameter of 63.5 mm, width 11 mm, and mass 291 g. We recorded impacts with a Photron FAST-CAM SA5. We tracked the impactor using a circular Hough transform at each video frame, and numerically computed the velocity (refer to Supplementary Information for additional information and photoelastic data).
7
Measuring Water Contact Angle Dynamics
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We measured the water contact angle as previously described17 . The water contact angle image was captured by a CCD camera (Sony XCD-SX900, Japan) with a horizontal microscope (Wild Heerbrugg 400076, Heerbrugg, Switzerland) at 5.8x magnification. Water droplets of 60 μL volume were used. For the CAH measurements, water is added or removed at a rate of 1.5 μL/min. The droplet was illuminated by a white-light projector from behind through a frosted glass. Image processing software, axisymmetric drop shape analysis (ADSA), was used to analyze the image of the water droplet in order to determine the water contact angle22 (link). The dynamic impacts of water droplets on the coating were captured by a high speed camera FASTCAM SA5 (Photron, CA, USA) at 4000 frames per second.
8
Biocompatible TSHB Glass Box: Cervical Cancer Cell Culture
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To demonstrate biocompatibility, a TSHB rectangular box (5 sides closed but top side opened) of size was made using TSHB glass slides with the help of glue. The TSHB rectangular box was exposed to 10 W oxygen plasma for 30 s. Then the mild hydrophilic rectangular box made sterile using 70% ethanol spray. Cervical cancer cell line HeLa at concentration, 2 × 105/mL was collected by trypsinization using Trypsin EDTA solution and centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 7 min. The collected cells were suspended in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) (Himedia, India) with Antibiotic Antimycotic solution (Himedia, India) and seeded into the mild hydrophilic rectangular box and then top of rectangular box was covered with a cleaned glass slide. The setup was placed inside the CO2 Incubator and cell growth have been monitored after 24 and 48 h. Finally, cell images have taken under Inverted microscope (IX 73 Olympus, Japan) and high-speed camera (FASTCAM SA5, Photron, UK).
9
Superhydrophobic Coating Characterization
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The apparent static water contact angle (θapp) and roll-off angle (θroll) measurements were performed on OCA 50 AF, Dataphysics. For measurement of θapp, a 6 µL droplet was placed on the coating surface and sat still. The angle between the tangent to the liquid-vapor interface and the solid surface was recorded as θapp. For measurement of θroll, a 10 µL droplet was placed on the coating surface and the substrate was tilted at a speed of 0.1° per second. θroll value was recorded at the moment of droplet-rolling. For each coating sample, the averaged data and corresponding standard deviation were obtained from at least 5 measurements at different positions.
To obtain the energy dissipation factor (EDF) of water drops while impacting on the coating surfaces, a 5 µL water droplet was released from a height of 10 mm to impact the coating surface, and the droplet rebounded after impact. The maximum height (h, unit of mm) of the droplet rebounding after the first impact was recorded using a high-speed camera (Photron, Fastcam SA5) with 10,000 fps (frames per second). Then the EDF is defined as EDF = (10 − h)/10. For each coating sample, the averaged data and corresponding standard deviation were obtained from at least five measurements at different positions.
To obtain the energy dissipation factor (EDF) of water drops while impacting on the coating surfaces, a 5 µL water droplet was released from a height of 10 mm to impact the coating surface, and the droplet rebounded after impact. The maximum height (h, unit of mm) of the droplet rebounding after the first impact was recorded using a high-speed camera (Photron, Fastcam SA5) with 10,000 fps (frames per second). Then the EDF is defined as EDF = (10 − h)/10. For each coating sample, the averaged data and corresponding standard deviation were obtained from at least five measurements at different positions.
10
Schlieren Visualization of Spray Patterns
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The method of spray observation adopted in this study is the Schlieren visualization technique [12 ]. The Schlieren apparatus enables the spray pattern within the CVSC to be monitored and recorded for onward image processing. It consists of an illumination source (Xenon lamp), a pair of a convex lens with a focal length of 30cm, a knife-edge for cutting off blurry image effect, and a Photron Fastcam SA5 high-speed camera. The camera sensor which is a CCD type is 12bit monochrome with a spatial resolution of 20mm pixel with a minimum exposure time of 1ms. The images were captured at 20,000fps with a maximum spatial resolution of 832 by 448pixels and temporal resolution of 0.05ms. The spray image obtained was processed using Adobe Photoshop and the spray characteristics were quantified using ImageJ code.
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