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14 protocols using onetouch ultraeasy

1

Urinary Sodium and Glucose Estimation

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The nurses gave sample bottles to the participants on the day of the survey, and the participants were instructed to collect 20 mL of the second voiding urine sample (after first voiding in the morning and before breakfast) on the day of the blood sample collection for glucose estimation. Urinary sodium was assessed using indirect ion-selective electrode method in an accredited central laboratory. Modified Kawasaki formula was used to estimate the 24-hour urinary intake of sodium,10 (link) and it was multiplied by 2.54 to estimate daily salt (sodium chloride) intake as advocated by Johnson et al.11 12 (link) Capillary blood glucose estimation was done using point-of-care glucometers (OneTouch UltraEasy, Johnson & Johnson) in the fasting stage. We ensured a minimum of 8 hours of fasting among participants before taking samples and recorded the glucose measurements in mg/dL.
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2

Diabetic Kidney Injury Evaluation Protocol

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The rats were placed in the metabolic cage alone, and urine protein for 24 h (UP 24 h) was collected. On the 20th day after STZ injection, rats in each group fasted overnight and then weighed. Tail vein blood samples were then analyzed by a portable blood glucose meter (OneTouch Ultra Easy, Johnson & Johnson, NJ, United States) to measure fasting blood glucose (FBG). Blood samples were collected from the posterior orbital venous plexus. Serum samples were separated from the blood samples by centrifugation (1000 g, 10 min, 4 °C). The rats were euthanized by excessive pentobarbital (100 mg/kg, i.p.), and the kidney was collected and weighed. KW/BW was calculated according to the following formula:
KW/BW = kidney weight (g)/body weight (g).
According to the manufacturer's instructions, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was detected by a UREA/BUN assay kit (Changchun Huili Biotech, Changchun, China); serum creatinine (Cr) was detected by a Cr assay kit (Huili Biotech); and UP 24 h was detected by an UP assay kit (Nanjing Jiancheng, Nanjing, China). These parameters were analyzed with a 240 or 800 Automated Chemistry Analyser (Rayto, Shenzhen, China).
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3

Comprehensive Cardiometabolic Measurements

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SECA 213 stand-alone stadiometer was used to measure the height (in cm), and a portable SECA 803 battery-operated electronic weighing scale (in Kg) was used to measure the weight of the participants. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (in mm Hg) were measured using OMRON HEM-7120 battery operated automatic blood pressure monitors. The fasting blood glucose level was estimated using point of care glucometers (One-touch ultra-easy, Johnson & Johnson). Physical activity levels were assessed using the global physical activity questionnaire (QPAQ).[15 ] Using showcards, the participants were asked about how many days they eat fruits/vegetables in a typical week and the number of servings of fruit/vegetable they eat on one of those days. A spot urine sample of 20 ml was collected from each participant, and urinary sodium was analysed in an accredited central laboratory.
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4

Glucose and Insulin Homeostasis Assessment

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Blood glucose and insulin levels from tail vein blood samples were measured at 16 h after fasting using a glucometer (OneTouch UltraEasy, Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ, USA) and a mouse insulin ELISA kit (80-INSMS-E01, ALPCO, Salem, NH, USA) after fasting for 16 h at the indicated ages. For glucose tolerance test (GTT), the mice were fasted for 6 hours and received an intraperitoneal injection of D-glucose (2 g/kg; G8270, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Tail vein blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after injection and glucose was measured with a glucometer. For insulin tolerance test (ITT), the mice were fasted for 4 hours and given insulin (HI0219, Lilly, Indianapolis, IN, USA) at 1 unit/kg (mice fed a CD) or 0.75 unit/kg (mice fed an HFD) by intraperitoneal injection. Tail vein blood samples were collected at the indicated times for blood glucose measurement by a glucometer.
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5

Glucose and Insulin Tolerance in Prkaa1 Mice

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Six-week-old Prkaa1ΔMφ and Prkaa1WT mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) (Cat. No. D12492, Research Diet, New Brunswick, NJ, United States) for 12 weeks. For glucose tolerance test (GTT), mice fed with HFD for 10 weeks were fasted for 6 h and administered D-glucose (1 g/kg; Cat. No. G8270, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States) by intraperitoneal (IP) injection. Insulin tolerance was assessed after 4 h fast by IP injection of insulin (1 U/kg; Cat. No. HI0219, Lilly, Indianapolis, IN, United States). Blood samples were collected from the tail vein and the blood glucose was measured with a glucometer (OneTouch UltraEasy, Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ, United States) at the indicated time after injection.
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6

Adoptive Transfer of Cytokine-Induced MDSCs in Diabetic Mice

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Cytokine-induced MDSCs (1 × 107 cells) were adoptively transferred into STZ-treated diabetic mice through the pudendal vein once a week for 3 weeks until mice in each group were sacrificed on day 27. Blood sugar levels and body weight were measured twice a week until the mice were sacrificed. Blood sugar was measured from the tail tip in the untreated, STZ-treated, and cMDSC-treated STZ mice using a OneTouch UltraEasy (Johnson-Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ, USA) monitor.
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7

Glucose Tolerance and D-Xylose Absorption

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OGTT was performed twice at pre-experiment and post-experiment after the mice had fasted for 12 h. Blood was sampled from the tail vein before (t = 0) and 15, 30 min after oral load of glucose (2 g/kg body weight). Blood glucose levels were measured by handled glucometer (OneTouch Ultra Easy, Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ, USA).
On the other day, mice fasted for 12 h and were then given a 3% solution of d-xylose dissolved in normal saline by gavage. After urinary samples were collected, the urine d-xylose level was assayed using a d-xylose ELISA Kit (Mlbio, Shanghai, China).
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8

Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Tests in Mice

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Mice were fasted overnight for fasting blood glucose measurement and glucose/pyruvate tolerance tests. For glucose or pyruvate tolerance tests, a 2-g/kg dose of glucose or pyruvate was injected intraperitoneally. Insulin tolerance tests were conducted after 6 h of fasting, and a 0.75-U/kg dose of insulin (Biogems-PeproTech, catalog no. 10-365) was administered intraperitoneally. Blood glucose was measured with a glucometer (Accu-Chek Active [Roche] or ONETOUCH UltraEasy [Johnson & Johnson]) using whole blood from the tails. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated using the trapezoid rule in Prism (GraphPad Software). The total peak area from baseline was determined for each mouse, and the baseline was defined as the basal blood glucose concentration (time zero).
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9

Induction of Type 1 Diabetes in Mice

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Eighteen BALB/c mice were divided into control, type 1 diabetic and insulin-treated groups (n = 6 per group). To induce the type 1 diabetic model, 40 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ; Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA) was administered intraperitoneally to the type 1 diabetic group for 5 consecutive days, whereas control mice were given the same volume of sodium citrate buffer. Blood glucose was measured with a glucometer (One Touch UltraEasy, Johnson and Johnson, CA, USA) 2 weeks after STZ injection. Mice with blood glucose levels >200 mg/dl were considered diabetic. In order to maintain the blood glucose of the insulin-treated group within the normal range, 1–1.5 IU/day insulin was injected s.c.
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10

Electroacupuncture Pretreatment in Anesthetized Mice

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We performed EA pretreatment as described in our previous studies40 (link)41 (link). After 12 h of fasting, the mice were anesthetized with 10% chloral hydrate intraperitoneal injection (300 mg/kg) and inhaled oxygen by face mask at a flow rate of 1 L/min. The “Baihui” acupoint (GV 20), located at the intersection of the sagittal midline and the line linking the two ears, was stimulated with the intensity of 1 mA and frequency of 2/15 Hz for 30 min using the Hwato electronic acupuncture treatment instrument (model No. SDZ-V, Suzhou Medical Appliances Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China). The core temperature of the mice was maintained at 37.0 ± 0.5°C during EA pretreatment by surface heating or cooling. The right femoral artery was cannulated for continuous blood pressure monitoring and arterial blood sampling. Arterial blood gases and plasma glucose were measured at the onset of EA, 15 min after EA, and at the end of EA. pO2, pCO2, and pH were quantified using a blood gas analyzer (ABL700, Radiometer, Denmark), and plasma glucose was measured with a blood glucose meter (OneTouch UltraEasy, Johnson & Johnson, USA).
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