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9 protocols using caffeic acid phenethyl ester

1

NF-κB Inhibitor CAPE Evaluation

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Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, a NF‐κB activation inhibitor, was purchased from Selleck Chemicals (S7414) and applied in accordance with the manufacturer's instruction. SUNE1 cells were incubated in six‐well plates until 90% confluency, and 10 µmol/L NF‐κB inhibitor was added to each well. After 48 hours of treatment, proteins and RNA were extracted and subjected to corresponding analyses.
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2

NF-κB Inhibition and Aspirin Treatment

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Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (Selleck Chemicals, TX, USA) was used as a specific inhibitor of NF-κB. Aspirin was purchased from Meilune, China. DMSO was used to dissolve the drugs. With reference to our previous experiments13 (link) and other reports,49 (link), 50 (link) we used 4 μM NF-κB inhibitor and 5–10 mM Aspirin as the working concentrations in the cell treatments. EBV-positive cells were cultured in medium containing 4 μM NF-κB inhibitor or 5 mM Aspirin. At 24 or 36 h post-treatment, the cellular proteins and total RNA were extracted, respectively, and subjected to the relevant detection methods.
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3

Investigating EBV-Associated Cell Signaling

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For 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) treatment, CNE-2-EBV+ and TWO3-EBV+ cells were treated with 50ng/ml 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA, Sigma–Aldrich Corporation, St Louis, MO) for 0, 12, 24 or 48 hours. Cells were harvested for western blot analysis. For inhibitors treatment, NP-69 and NP-69-LMP1 and C666-1 cells were first serum-starved for 6h and then treated with growth medium with 0.01% DMSO plus different concentrations of highly selective JAK3 inhibitor (Tofacitinib, CP-690550, Selleckchem), MEK inhibitor (PD0325901, Selleckchem) or NF-κB inhibitor (Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester, Selleckchem) for another 72h. Cells were harvested for protein alteration by western blot.
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4

NF-κB Inhibition in EBV-Positive Cells

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Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (Selleck Chemicals, Texas, USA, S7414) is a specific inhibitor of NF-κB activation. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used to dissolve the inhibitor. EBV-positive cells were cultured in medium containing 4 µM of NF-κB inhibitor. After 24 h of treatment, the cellular proteins and total RNA were extracted respectively and subjected to the analysis.
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5

Prostate Cancer Cell Line Characterization

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The cell lines of PZ-HPV-7, CA-HPV-10, LNCaP, PC-3, and DU145 were obtained from the Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC, Hsinchu, Taiwan). PZ-HPV-7 and CA-HPV-10 cell lines are non-metastatic cells; while LNCaP, PC-3, and DU145 cell lines are metastatic prostate carcinoma cells as described previously [28 (link)]. The cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 medium (Life Technologies; Gaithersburg, MD) with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS; HyClone Laboratories, Inc. Logan, UT, USA) and incubated at 37 °C in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) was purchased from Selleckchem (Houston, TX, USA). MI-2, a MALT1 inhibitor, was purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a NF-κB activator, was purchased from Sigma. Ionomycin, a membrane-permeable calcium ionophore, was purchased from InvivoGen (San Diego, CA, USA).
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6

Co-culture of Cancer and Stromal Cells

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In co-culture system, 1 × 104 primary fibroblasts (NFs, AHFs, or CAFs) were seeded into the Boyden chamber inserter with 0.4 μm pore size (Corning Inc., NY, USA), MCF-7 cells (3 × 104 cells) were seeded into the bottom well. The co-culture system was maintained in DMEM with 1% FBS, and the co-culture medium was changed every 3 days at 50%. According to different experiments, recombinant protein and/or inhibitors were separately added in the co-cultures medium, including caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) (5 µM, selleckchem, TX, USA), tiplaxtinin (30 µM, selleckchem), recombinant TNF-α (50 ng/ml, Abcam), and recombinant PAI-1 (50 µM, Pepro Tech, NJ, USA). For cell proliferation assay, MCF-7 cells in the co-culture system were maintained for 3 days; for western blotting analysis or immunofluorescence, the MCF-7 cells were co-cultured with fibroblasts and with or without recombinant protein, and/or inhibitors for 2 weeks.
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7

Apoptosis and Necroptosis Modulators

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ZVAD-FMK was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX). All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and doxorubicin were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) was obtained from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX). Leptomycin b (LMB) and necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) was purchased from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI). ZVAD-FMK, ATRA, and Nec-1 were solubilized in DMSO to a stock concentration of 10 mM. CAPE was solubilized in DMSO to a stock concentration of 1 mg/ml. LMB was supplied at a stock concentration of 0.1 μg/μl in ethanol.
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8

Hepatocellular Carcinoma Tissue Analysis

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A total of 119 tissue samples were obtained from patients who underwent hepatocellular carcinoma curative resection between 2012 and 2014 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine. These tissues were subjected to tissue microarray, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and survival analysis. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant. This project was approved by the Ethics Committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, and clinical data of all subjects were summarized in Supporting Table S1.
1,4‐diamino‐2,3‐dicyano‐1,4‐bis(2‐aminophenylthio)butadiene (U0126) and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), the inhibitor of ERK and NF‐κβ signal, respectively, were purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX). The ligand‐independent peptide‐based TREM‐1 inhibitor GF9 (the TREM‐1213‐221, GLLSKSLVF), control peptide (GLLSGSLVF), and TREM‐1 antagonist LP17 (LQVTDSGLYRCVIYHPP) were synthesized by HuaBio. Inc. (Shanghai, China).
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9

Modulation of Pancreatic Cancer Cell Growth

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Panc02 cells, derived from C57BL/6J mice, were kindly provided by Dr. M. Li (Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA). The Colo357 cell line was provided by prof. Helmut Friess (Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany). PC cells were maintained in low glucose (5 mM; LG) Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin and incubated at 37°C in 5% CO2. Various amounts of glucose were added to the culture medium to create cell growth environments containing different concentrations of glucose. In addition, 10 μM SB203580 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) or 10 ng/ml TGF-β (PeproTech, Rocky Hill, USA) was added to the culture medium. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and thalidomide were purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX, USA).
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