Fluopyram

The fluazaindolizine test substance used in these studies was a candidate suspension concentrate formulation containing 500 g/L of the active ingredient. Three rates of fluazaindolizine were evaluated for their ability to reduce both M. incognita and B. longicaudatus population density throughout the study. Fluopyram (Indemnify; Bayer CropScience, St. Louis, MO) was included as a chemical control, and an additional treatment of tap water was used as a negative control. Treatments for the experiments were (1) 4 applications of fluazaindolizine at a rate of 1.1 kg ai/ha at 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after trial initiation, (2) 2 applications of fluazaindolizine at a rate of 2.25 kg ai/ha (weeks 0 and 8), (3) 1 application of fluazaindolizine at a rate of 4.5 kg ai/ha (week 0), (4) 2 applications of Fluopyram at 0.25 kg ai/ha (weeks 0 and 8), and (5) an untreated tap water control.

Fluopyram (97.5% purity) was purchased from Bayer (China) Co., Ltd. (Leverkusen, Germany). 1-Dodecanesulfonic acid sodium salt (SDS), sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), sodium lignosulfonate (SL, methoxy group: 5~7%, carbon: 45~47%), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC, hydroxylpropoxyl: 4~12%, methoxy: 19~24%, 100 mPa.s), sodium salt of polynaphthalene sulphonic acid (NNO), white carbon, diatomite, glucose, sucrose, mannitol, anhydrous d-trehalose, and sorbitol were obtained from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Pluronic F127 was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Polycarboxylate (TERSPERSE 2700) was provided by Huntsman Technology Corporation (USA). Morwet D425 and Morwet EFW were provided by Nanjing Jierun Technology Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). LC/MS-grade and HPLC-grade methanol and acetonitrile were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Ultrapure water was used in all experiments. Qiagen RLT Lysis solution was purchased from Beijing Huaxia Ocean Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China).