Tyramine hydrochloride

AL (dihydrochloride form; purity > 99%) (Jiangsu Chia-tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China) was dissolved in double-distilled water to various concentrations for oral and intra-tumor administration in mice. Sodium HA (purity >95%, MW, 90 kDa), tyramine hydrochloride (Tyr·HCl), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC·HCl), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, 30 wt.%), horseradish peroxidase (HRP, 100 U/mg), and bovine testicular hyaluronidase were purchased from MeiLun Co., Ltd. (Dalian, China). Dimethyl sulfoxide and crystal violet were purchased from Kelong Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Polyclonal antibodies against Ki-67 and VEGF-A were purchased from Bioworld Technology Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). The Cell Cycle and Apoptosis Analysis Kit and YF647A-Annexin V and PI Apoptosis Kit were purchased from US Everbright, Inc. (Nanjing, China).

Sodium hyaluronate (HA) (>95%, Mw = 90 kDa), tyramine hydrochloride (Tyr·HCl), 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC·HCl), Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, wt. 30%), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), Horseradish peroxidase (HRP, 400–1,000 U/mg) and bovine testicular hyaluronidase were all purchased from MeiLun Co. Ltd. (Dalian, China). AL (dihydrochloride form; purity >99.9%) was obtained from Jiangsu Chia-tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd (Nanjing, China). Crystal violet was purchased from Kelong Co. Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Polyclonal antibodies against Ki-67, VEGF-A, HIF-1α, and γ-H2AX were purchased from Bioworld Technology Co. Ltd. (Nanjing, China).
LLCs and human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) were obtained from the experimental laboratory of Southwest Medical University (Luzhou, Sichuan, China) and cultured in a humidified 5% CO₂ atmosphere at 37°C with Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (HyClone; Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), 10% fetal bovine serum (HyClone, Thermo Scientific), 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin and 100 U/ml penicillin.