Hop extract (HE) standardized in 8-PN (Lifenol®, Givaudan France Naturals, Avignon, France) or placebo was administrated orally in capsules. Each HE capsule comprised Lifenol® containing 100 µg of 8-PN, 110 µg of 6-PN, 1.25 mg of X, and 2.94 mg of IX (measured by LC-UV) mixed with maltodextrin (Roquette Frères, Lestrem, France), and filled in red opaque gelatin capsules size 0. Placebo capsules consisted of only maltodextrin within a similar type of capsules.
Maltodextrin
Manufactured by Roquette
Sourced in France
Maltodextrin is a food ingredient derived from the controlled hydrolysis of starch. It is a white powder with a neutral taste and is commonly used as a thickener, binder, and filler in various food and pharmaceutical products.
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Lab products found in correlation
Epichlorohydrin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Sorbitan monostearate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Poly ε caprolactone, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Rpmi 1640, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Micro bca protein assay kit, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Nabh4, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
4 6 diamidino 2 phenylindole (dapi), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Dulbecco modified eagle medium (dmem), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Ethanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Trypsin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Ovalbumin (ova), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Non essential amino acids (neaa), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Pd 10 sephadex g25 desalting column, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Phosphate buffered saline (pbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
L glutamine, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Chitosan, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Emulsiflex c3, by Avestin (1 mentions)
Curcumin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Glucidex, by Roquette (1 mentions)
13 protocols using maltodextrin
1
Standardized Hop Extract Bioactive Compounds
2
Formulation and Characterization of PCL-Based Nanoparticles
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Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) (Mw = 80,000) and sorbitan monostearate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (São Paulo, Brazil). Grape seed oil was supplied by Delaware (Porto Alegre, Brazil). Polysorbate 80 was acquired from Henrifarma (São Paulo, Brazil). Acetone was obtained from Nuclear (São Paulo, Brazil). Maltodextrin (dextrose equivalent (DE) = 19) and L-leucine were purchased from Roquette (Lestrem, France) and Fagron (São Paulo, Brazil), respectively.
3
Formulation and Characterization of Nanoparticles
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Maltodextrin was purchased from Roquette (France) while DPPG (1,2-dipalmitoyl-snglycero-3-phosphatidylglycerol) and DPPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) were from Lipoid (Germany). Cell culture media (RPMI 1640 and IMDM), fetal calf serum (FCS), non-essential amino acids, trypsin, l -glutamine, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), NaOH, ethanol, DAPI (4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), DiI (1,10-dioctadecyl-3,3,30,30-tetramethylene) and Micro BCA Protein Assay Kit were purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific (France). PLGA (50:50, Acid copolymer: Resomer RG503H) was from Evonik (Germany). Epichlorhydrin (1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane), GTMA (glycidyl-trimethyl-ammonium chloride), NaBH4, chitosan, PD-10 Sephadex G25 desalting column, ovalbumin (OVA) and Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (France).
The human muco-epidermoid bronchiolar carcinoma cell line NCI-H292 (hereafter H292) was supplied by Dr J.M. Lo-Guidice (University of Lille, France). The human monocytic cell line THP-1 was donated by Dr. F. Nesslany (Pasteur Institute of Lille, France). The CD4− CD8α+ CD205+ CD11b− murine spleen dendritic cell line SRDC line was obtained from Pr. I. Dimier-Poisson (University François-Rabelais of Tours, France) (Ruiz et al., 2005 (link)).
The human muco-epidermoid bronchiolar carcinoma cell line NCI-H292 (hereafter H292) was supplied by Dr J.M. Lo-Guidice (University of Lille, France). The human monocytic cell line THP-1 was donated by Dr. F. Nesslany (Pasteur Institute of Lille, France). The CD4− CD8α+ CD205+ CD11b− murine spleen dendritic cell line SRDC line was obtained from Pr. I. Dimier-Poisson (University François-Rabelais of Tours, France) (Ruiz et al., 2005 (link)).
4
Nanoparticle Production and Lipid Loading
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Nanoparticles (NPLs) were produced as described by Paillard et al. (34 (link)). Briefly, maltodextrin (Roquette, France) was dissolved in 2N sodium hydroxide by magnetic stirring at room temperature. A mixture of epichlorohydrin and glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTMA, a cationic ligand; both from Sigma-Aldrich, France) was added to the polysaccharide leading to the formation of a gel. After neutralization by means of acetic acid, the gel was crushed with a high pressure homogenizer (Emulsiflex C3, Avestin, Germany). The newly obtained NPLs were purified by tangential flow ultra-filtration (Centramate Minim II PALL, France) using a 300 kDa membrane (PALL, France) to remove oligosaccharides, low-molecular weight reagents and salts. Purified NPLs were freeze dried. Lyophilized NPLs were dissolved in water and a 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) lipid (Lipoid, Germany) was loaded into NPLs at a temperature above the liquid phase transition temperature of the lipid.
5
Curcumin-loaded Polymer Nanoparticles
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Poly(ε-caprolactone) (Mw 80 kg mol -1 ), sorbitan monostearate and curcumin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (São Paulo, Brazil). Grape seed oil and Polysorbate 80 were provided by Delaware (Porto Alegre, Brazil) and Henrifarma (São Paulo, Brazil), respectively. Maltodextrin was obtained from Roquette (Lestrem, France). L-Leucine was purchased from Fagron (São Paulo, Brazil).
6
Lemongrass Essential Oil Extraction
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Lemongrass EO obtained from Tien Giang province, Vietnam was distilled using the steam distillation method and purified using the fractional distillation method. Maltodextrin (12DE, Roquette, France) were used as the materials. Tween 80 (Xilong, China) were used as an emulsifier.
7
Ethyl Cellulose-based Polymeric Formulation
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All chemicals and materials used in this study, including ethyl cellulose (48.0–49.5% (w/w) ethoxy groups, degree of substitution of 2.5 [17 ], viscosity 30–70 mPa.s, 5% in toluene/ethanol 80:20 (25 °C)), and glycerol were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany) unless otherwise indicated. The chemicals were used as received. Maltodextrin, with a commercial name of GLUCIDEX® 12 (dextrose equivalent of 12, Mw of 23 kDa [23 (link)]) was obtained from Roquette (Lestrem, France).
8
Preparation of Amorphous Maltodextrin and Sucrose Solutions
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The model substances maltodextrin (Glucidex 12D, Roquette, France) and sucrose (Südzucker, Germany), both in an amorphous state, were used. Solutions with a solid concentration of c1 = 0.05 w/w and c2 = 0.15 w/w of maltodextrin and sucrose were prepared by mixing them with demineralized water. To ensure full solution, the sample solutions were gently stirred by a magnet stirrer at 300 rpm for 1 h at ambient temperature. Afterwards, the samples were stored inside a fridge at 4 °C until further use.
9
Spray-Drying of Chokeberry Juice with Maltodextrin
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Drying was performed using a semi-industrial spray dryer—Niro Atomiser type FU 11 DA (Denmark)—which allowed to perform a full equivalent of the industrial process. Commercial, concentrated chokeberry juice (SVZ International B.V., Holland) (65 Brix) was used in the study. Maltodextrin, with two degrees of crystallization, was used as a carrier DE: 8 and 22 (Roquette Freres—France). The content of all powders that were received was identical: 30% of fruit and 70% of the carrier in dry powder mass. The process was performed for the following inlet air temperature: 150, 160, 170 °C, and with the following values of the rotary atomizer’s rotational speed: 12,000, 13,000, 14,000 rpm. Table 1 presents the experimental conditions used for the spray-drying of chokeberry juice with the carrier.
10
Maltodextrin-Based Edible Film Formulation
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Maltodextrin (Glucidex 6–G6), the film-forming polymer with a DE value of 5.5, was provided by Roquette (Lestrem, France). The plasticizer sorbitol (Sor) was purchased from Dr. Kulich Pharma (Hradec Králové, Czech Republic). The thickener hydroxyethyl cellulose (Cellosize® QP300 (HEC)) was kindly donated by DOW Chemicals (Midland, MI, USA). Quality purified water, according to Ph.Eur., was used.
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