Quinoa was grown in Wulan county in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (the mountain dryland areas which has an altitude of 4000 m) and was provided by Qinghai Sanjiang Wotu Ecology Agriculture Technology Co., Ltd. (Qinghai, China).
The commercial assay kits for superoxide dismutase (SOD) (A001-3-2) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) (A005-1-2) activities and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (A003-1-2), glutathione (GSH) (A006-2-1), triglyceride (TG) (A110-1-1), total cholesterol (TC) (A111-1-1), and nonesterified free fatty acids (NEFAs) (A042-2-1) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Biological Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). Rat enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for detections of serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α, ELR-TNFα-1), leptin (ELR-Leptin-1), and interleukin-10 (IL-10, ELR-IL10-1) were purchased from Raybiotech (Atlanta, GA, USA), and a transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF β1) Rat ELISA Kit (BMS623-3) was purchased from eBioscience (San Diego, CA, USA). The standard references of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs, butyric acid, propionic acid, and acetic acid) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Shanghai, China). All other chemical reagents used were purchased from Sinopharm (Shanghai, China).
The commercial assay kits for superoxide dismutase (SOD) (A001-3-2) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) (A005-1-2) activities and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (A003-1-2), glutathione (GSH) (A006-2-1), triglyceride (TG) (A110-1-1), total cholesterol (TC) (A111-1-1), and nonesterified free fatty acids (NEFAs) (A042-2-1) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Biological Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). Rat enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for detections of serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α, ELR-TNFα-1), leptin (ELR-Leptin-1), and interleukin-10 (IL-10, ELR-IL10-1) were purchased from Raybiotech (Atlanta, GA, USA), and a transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF β1) Rat ELISA Kit (BMS623-3) was purchased from eBioscience (San Diego, CA, USA). The standard references of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs, butyric acid, propionic acid, and acetic acid) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Shanghai, China). All other chemical reagents used were purchased from Sinopharm (Shanghai, China).