Tetramethyl orthosilicate

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Germany, United States

Tetramethyl orthosilicate is a colorless, volatile liquid that is commonly used as a silylating agent and precursor in the production of silicon-based materials. It has the chemical formula Si(OCH3)4.

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Tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) (13 citations)

27 protocols using tetramethyl orthosilicate

Synthesis and Characterization of Metallo-porphyrin Compounds

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All reagents and solvents were used as received without further purification. Non-ionic surfactant Pluronic® F127, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 99.99%), tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS, >99%), chlorotrimethylsilane (TMSCI, 98%), hydrochloric acid (fuming, >37%), (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (98%), 2-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine (CDMT, 97%), 4-Methylmorpholine (NMM, 99%), reagent grade dimethylformamide (DMF), tetrahydrofuran (THF) and acetic acid (99.7%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. NaCl was purchased from Fluka. Metallo-porphyrin Pd-1-COOH (Pd(II) meso-Tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrine) was purchased from Frontier Scientific, Inc. Metallo-porphyrin Pt-2-COOH, Pt-3-COOH and Pd-3-COOH (Figure 1) were synthesized as previously reported.³⁵ A Millipore Milli-Q system was used for the purification of water (resistivity 18 MΩ).

Secco B.D., Ravotto L., Esipova T.V., Vinogradov S.A., Genovese D., Zaccheroni N., Rampazzo E, & Prodi L. (2019). Optimized synthesis of luminescent silica nanoparticles by a direct micelle-assisted method. Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology, 18(9), 2142-2149.

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Enzyme Immobilization on Porous Supports

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Beta-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger, cellulose acetate, tetramethyl orthosilicate, glutaraldehyde, and sodium carbonate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetic acid, methanol, and acetonitrile were purchased from J.T. Baker (Center Valley, PA, USA). 4-Nitrophenyl β-d-glucuronide (p-NPG) purchased from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, USA) was used as the substrate to determine the catalytic activity of the immobilized enzyme system. The black soy milk was prepared by milling black soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (Tainan, Number 3) with a grinder. Porous cellulose beads [21 (link)] and sol–gel [22 (link)] were prepared as previously described.

Chen K.I., Yao Y., Chen H.J., Lo Y.C., Yu R.C, & Cheng K.C. (2016). Hydrolysis of isoflavone in black soy milk using cellulose bead as enzyme immobilizer. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 24(4), 788-795.

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Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

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Au(III) chloride trihydrate (≥99.9%), trisodium citrate, sodium borohydride (98%), L-ascorbic acid (99%), tetramethyl orthosilicate, TMOS, (98%), and trizma base were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Cetyltrimethylamonium bromide, CTAB, (98%) was received from Alfa Aesar (USA). Silver nitrate was purchased from Metalor Technologies Ltd (UK). Hydrochloric acid (HCl) was purchased from Gadot Biochemical Industries Ltd (Israel). All chemicals were used as received. Water used in all experiments was de-ionized up to 18.2 MΩ cm resistivity (Barnstead/Thermolyne Corporation, Dubuque, IA).

Ritenberg M., Beilis E., Ilovitsh A., Barkai Z., Shahmoon A., Richter S., Zalevsky Z, & Jelinek R. (2014). “Beating speckles” via electrically-induced vibrations of Au nanorods embedded in sol-gel. Scientific Reports, 4, 3666.

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Nanodisc Membrane Protein Characterization

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Lyophilized MSP1D1 (MSP-1) and MSP1D1ΔH5 (MSP-2) were purchased from Cube Biotech, Inc., while lyophilized MSP1E3D1 (MSP-3) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Inc. MSP-1, MSP-2, and MSP-3 had chain lengths of 217 amino acids (25.3 kDa), 184 amino acids (21.5 kDa), and 277 amino acids (32.6 kDa), respectively. All MSPs were purchased with histidine tags attached to their N-termini. Tetramethyl Orthosilicate (TMOS) (≤ 99%), Acrylamide (≥ 99%), Sodium Chloride (≥ 99%), Sodium Cholate (≥ 99%), Imidazole (≥ 99%), N-Acetyl-L-tryptophanamide, 5-DOXYL-stearic acid free radical (5-DOXYL), and 16-DOXYL-stearic acid free radical (16-DOXYL) were also purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Inc. 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) was purchased in chloroform from Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc. Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris, MB Grade) was purchased from USB Corporation, while Hydrochloric Acid (12.1 M), Sodium Phosphate Dibasic Heptahydrate, and Sodium Fluoride were purchased from Fischer Scientific, Inc. Ni-NTA agarose used for NLP purification was purchased from 5 PRIME, Inc. All of the water used for these experiments was purified in a Barnstead Nanopure System (Barnstead Thermolyne, Dubuque, IA) and had a resistivity of 17.9 MΩ•cm or greater.

Zeno W.F., Hilt S., Risbud S.H., Voss J.C, & Longo M.L. (2015). Spectroscopic Characterization of Structural Changes in Membrane Scaffold Proteins Entrapped within Mesoporous Silica Gel Monoliths. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 7(16), 8640-8649.

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Covalent Immobilization of CalB Lipase

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Lipase B form Candida antarctica (lipozyme CalB) was a kind gift from Novozymes (Bagsværde, Denmark). CalB immo Plus was purchased from c-LEcta, Germany. Copper bromide, N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, methyl methacrylate (MMA), 4-methylumbelliferyl butyrate, oleic acid (88%), and tetramethyl orthosilicate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich/Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)). 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane and 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate were from abcr (Karlsruhe, Germany). Acetonitrile, ascorbic acid, anisole, ethanol (abs.), glutaraldehyde (25%), isopropyl alcohol, methanol, n-hexane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and pyridine were from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). MMA was purified using an aluminum oxide column followed by distillation before polymerization and isopropyl alcohol was dried with molecular sieves. All other chemicals were used as received.

Wunschik D.S., Lorenz A., Ingenbosch K.N., Gutmann J.S, & Hoffmann-Jacobsen K. (2022). Activation and Stabilization of Lipase B from Candida antarctica by Immobilization on Polymer Brushes with Optimized Surface Structure. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 194(8), 3384-3399.

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Silane-Functionalized PEG Synthesis

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Ammonia solution (2.0 M in ethanol), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPTMS), tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS), and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, ≥99%), were purchased from Sigma−Aldrich. Methoxy-terminated poly(ethylene glycol)-silane (mPEG-silane, molar mass of ~0.5 kg/mol) was purchased from Gelest. Cy5-meleimide florescent dye and Cy3-meleimide florescent dye were purchased from GE Healthcare. All chemicals were used as received. Deionized (DI) water (18.2 MΩ·cm) was generated using a Millipore Milli-Q system.

Kohle F.F., Hinckley J.A, & Wiesner U.B. (2019). Dye Encapsulation in Fluorescent Core-Shell Silica Nanoparticles as Probed by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. The journal of physical chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and interfaces, 123(15), 9813-9823.

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Quantitative Determination of 3-Nitrotyrosine

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All chemicals used were analytical or ACS grade unless otherwise noted. Platform components xanthine oxidase, tetramethylorthosilicate, and hypoxanthine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Catalase was procured from Spectrum Chemicals MFG Corp (New Brunswick, NJ, USA). HPLC grade solvents acetonitrile (MeCN), dimethylformamide (DMF) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

deBoer T.R., Palomino R.I, & Mascharak P.K. (2019). Peroxynitrite-Mediated Dimerization of 3-Nitrotyrosine: Unique Chemistry along the Spectrum of Peroxynitrite-Mediated Nitration of Tyrosine. Med one, 4, e190003.

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Silkworm-Derived Nanomaterial Synthesis

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B. Mori silkworm cocoons were purchased from Wild Fibers, UK. Tetramethyl orthosilicate (98% purity, TMOS), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (98% purity, CTAB), methanol (99.8%, MeOH) and trimethoxysilane (95% purity), 4-pentanoic acid, (≥98% purity), lithium bromide anhydrous, (99.99% purity, LiBr), ammonium hydroxide (28–30%, NH₄OH), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), were procured from Sigma Aldrich. Slide-A-Lyzer™ G2 dialysis cassettes, (3.5 K MWCO, 3–5 mL) were purchased from ThermoFisher. All chemicals were used without further purification. Slide-A-Lyzer™ Dialysis Cassettes with molecular weight cutoffs (MWCOs) of 3.5 kD and volume capacity of 3.5–5 mL was purchased from ThermFisher SCIENTIFIC.

Maleki H, & Huesing N. (2019). Silica-silk fibroin hybrid (bio)aerogels: two-step versus one-step hybridization. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 98(2), 430-438.

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Silica Hydrogel Fabrication on Microgels

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Silica hydrogel was fabricated by a sol-gel method.^{12 (link)} Silica sol was first generated by adding 20 μL of HCl (1 M) to 1 mL of tetramethyl orthosilicate (50 % (v/v), Sigma Aldrich), and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes to initiate the polycondensation reaction. Then, 10 μL of the silica sol mixture was added to 1 mL of aqueous solution containing GelMA microgels (in PBS), and continuously stirred over time to fabricate silica gel on the microgel surface. At different time points, a small sample was taken and the thickness of the silica hydrogel coated on the microgel was measured using an inverted optical microscope (Eclipse Ti, Nikon).

Cha C., Oh J., Kim K., Qiu Y., Joh M., Shin S.R., Wang X., Camci-Unal G., Wan K.T., Liao R, & Khademhosseini A. (2013). Microfluidics-Assisted Fabrication of Gelatin-Silica Core–Shell Microgels for Injectable Tissue Constructs. Biomacromolecules, 15(1), 283-290.

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Synthesis of Silica-Coated Metal Nanoparticles

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The chemicals used during this stage were: Zinc acetate dihydrate (>98%), oleylamine (70%), tetramethyl orthosilicate (98%), ammonia (30%), tri Ethylene glycol (99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethylene glycol (99.5%) (Merck, Kenilworth, NJ, USA). Copper acetate monohydrate (99.9%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA). Methanol (99.8%) was purchased from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain).

Muñoz S., Navarrete A., Martín Á., Dittmeyer R, & Cocero M.J. (2018). Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation by Means of Plasmonic Resonance Activation in Silica Aerogel Media. Materials, 11(11), 2134.

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