Nano-sized LTO was prepared through a solid-state reaction at 800 °C for 3 h after high-energy bead-milling between Li2CO3 (99.0%, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and anatase TiO2 (99.5%, Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Nano-sized LTO was placed in an autogenic reactor (316 stainless steel, Swagelok) with urea (99.0%, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) in the weight ratio of 5:1, and the cap was closed to isolate the reactor from the outer atmosphere. Coated LTO was obtained by heating the reactor to 700 °C at a heating and cooling rate of 10 °C min−1 in an electric box furnace in air. (Note that an autogenic reactor used in this study was closed system).
Anatase tio2
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Anatase TiO2 is a type of titanium dioxide. It is a white, crystalline solid material that is commonly used in various industrial and scientific applications. Anatase TiO2 has a specific crystal structure and chemical properties that make it suitable for various purposes. The detailed description of its core function and intended use is not available in a concise, unbiased, and factual manner.
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Lab products found in correlation
Urea, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Li2co3, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hplc grade ethyl acetate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Ethidium bromide, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Tb green premix ex taq, by Takara Bio (1 mentions)
Primescipt rt reagent kit with gdna eraser, by Takara Bio (1 mentions)
Transit lt, by Mirus Bio (1 mentions)
Dopamine hydrochloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
2 4 dnp, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate k2hpo4, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate kh2po4, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
L ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sucrose, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Na2co3, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Al2o3, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Methanol hplc gradient grade, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Absolute ethanol, by Chem-Lab (1 mentions)
Cu no3 2, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Benzoyl peroxide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
N n dimethyl p toluidine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
20 protocols using anatase tio2
1
Synthesis of Nano-Sized Lithium Titanate
2
Anatase TiO2 Nanoparticle Characterization
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Anatase TiO2 (nanopowder, diameter <25 nm) was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (USA). CN-75 (Supelco, USA) was laboratory analytical grade and used without further purification. HPLC-grade ethyl acetate was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Geel, Belgium). Chromatographic-grade methanol, acetonitrile, and hexane were purchased from Dika Technologies (Lake Forest, CA, USA). Derivatization reagents, BSTFA:TMCS = 99:1 were supplied by Supelco (USA).
3
RNA Quantification and Cell Transfection
4
Synthesis and Characterization of LiH-TiO2-KH Additives
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All reagents utilized in this work were Mg(NH2)2 (described in the following subsection), LiH (Alfa Aesar, 97 % purity), anatase TiO2 (Sigma Aldrich, >99 % purity, - 325 mesh) and KH (Sigma Aldrich, suspension 35% in mineral oil). The investigated additives were obtained by milling LiH, TiO2 and KH in different stoichiometric ratios under argon atmosphere for two hours and then annealing them under Ar atmosphere at 600 °C for 8 hours. The stoichiometry of the reagent utilized to synthesize the additives were: 1) 0.5LiH + TiO2 and 2) 0.5LiH + TiO2 + 0.25KH. In addition to the prepared additives, KH alone was also used as an additive. In order to separate mineral oil from KH, three washing cycles in hexane were carried out. After that, hexane was removed by applying dynamic vacuum.
5
Characterization and Use of TiO2 Nanoparticles
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DCF (sodium salt, ≥99%) was bought from Cayman Chemical Company (Michigan, USA). Stock solutions were prepared in pure ethanol as required, and further dilutions were conducted in the cultivation/exposure media of choice.
Anatase TiO2 (100% anatase, <25 nm, specific surface area 45- 50 m2/g, purity 99.7%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd. (Steinheim, Germany) and was from the same batch as used by Okupnik et al. (2015 (link)) who characterized the material in terms of size, morphology, zeta potential, z-average hydrodynamic diameter, and the polydispersity index (PDI).
All chemicals used for exposure and analysis were of analytical-grade quality and were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co Ltd. (Steinheim, Germany) unless stated otherwise.
Anatase TiO2 (100% anatase, <25 nm, specific surface area 45- 50 m2/g, purity 99.7%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd. (Steinheim, Germany) and was from the same batch as used by Okupnik et al. (2015 (link)) who characterized the material in terms of size, morphology, zeta potential, z-average hydrodynamic diameter, and the polydispersity index (PDI).
All chemicals used for exposure and analysis were of analytical-grade quality and were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co Ltd. (Steinheim, Germany) unless stated otherwise.
6
Photocatalytic Degradation of Nanoparticles
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All chemicals were analytical grade reagents
and were used as received without further purification. NCs (8 w/w
%) was obtained from Blue Goose Biorefineries Inc. (Canada). Dopamine
hydrochloride, anatase TiO2 (size < 25 nm), 4-NP, 2,4-DNP,
2-CP,l -ascorbic acid, BTSTFA, potassium dihydrogen phosphate
(KH2PO4), and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate
(K2HPO4) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (USA).
2-NP and 3-NP were obtained from Acros Organics (USA). DI water was
used to prepare all solutions. Ultrahigh purity N2 and
O2 were obtained from NLR Welding Company, North Little
Rock, Arkansas (USA). The details of the as-prepared N-TiO2/C characterization instrumentations and techniques, the procedure
for the degradation of NPs, and kinetic studies have been described
in theSupporting Information .
and were used as received without further purification. NCs (8 w/w
%) was obtained from Blue Goose Biorefineries Inc. (Canada). Dopamine
hydrochloride, anatase TiO2 (size < 25 nm), 4-NP, 2,4-DNP,
2-CP,
(KH2PO4), and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate
(K2HPO4) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (USA).
2-NP and 3-NP were obtained from Acros Organics (USA). DI water was
used to prepare all solutions. Ultrahigh purity N2 and
O2 were obtained from NLR Welding Company, North Little
Rock, Arkansas (USA). The details of the as-prepared N-TiO2/C characterization instrumentations and techniques, the procedure
for the degradation of NPs, and kinetic studies have been described
in the
7
Synthesis of Carbon-Coated NaAlTi3O8
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NaAlTi3O8 was synthesized through solid-state-reaction using stoichiometric amount of Na2CO3 (99.5% purity, Alfa Aesar), Al2O3 (99.8% purity, sigma-Aldrich) and anatase- TiO2 (>99.5% purity, Sigma-Aldrich). 0 wt %, 20 wt %, and 33 wt % sucrose (99% purity, Alfa Aesar) were added to the mixture to form carbon coated samples, denoted as 0 C, 22 C, 33 C hereafter, respectively. The mixture was ball-milled at 400 rpm for 1 hour using a Retsch PM200 Ball Mill, and pressed into pellets by MTI 12 T Lab Pressing YLJ-12. The pellets were calcined under argon flow in a Lindberg/Blue M tube furnace at 700 °C for 10 h or 700 °C -10 h followed by 950 °C - 2 h.
8
Synthesis of Cu-Doped TiO2 Photocatalysts
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All materials used for the syntheses were obtained from commercial suppliers. As such, anatase TiO2 from Sigma-Aldrich, Cu(ac)2 (98% pure) and Cu(NO3)2 from Sigma Aldrich (98% pure). The used solvent for the syntheses was absolute ethanol (from Chem-Lab NV) and for photocatalytic experiments deionized water and HPLC-gradient grade methanol (from VWR). The composites were synthesized by a wet impregnation method with a post-synthesis thermal treatment. The general synthesis procedure used for all samples included (a) suspending the TiO2 powder (400 mg, 5 mmol) in ethanol (20 mL); (b) stirring the suspension for 5 minutes; (c) adding the corresponding precursor salt: Cu(ac)2/Cu(NO3)2 (0.05 mmol) and stirring for another 5 min, (d) subjecting the resulting suspension to sonication to assist salt dissolution and homogenization of the suspension components for 15 minutes, (e) the resulting mixture was left stirring for 30 minutes; and (f) the ethanol was extracted under vacuum. The remaining powder was then ground. Afterwards, the samples were heat-treated at the corresponding temperature with a heating ramp of 2 h until reaching the desired temperature, in ambient air.
9
Novel Bone Cement Formulation Evaluation
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Anatase TiO2, yttria-stabilised ZrO2, methyl methacrylate with 75 ppm hydroquinone, N-N dimethyl-p-toluidine, benzoyl peroxide and methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Gillingham, UK). BaSO4 and Whatman grade 6 filters (185 mm diameter) were purchased from Fisher Scientific UK (Leicestershire, UK). Polymethyl methacrylate powder with a methylacrylate copolymer (Colacryl TS1713) was kindly provided by Lucite International UK (Southampton, UK). Cemex Isoplastic, which contains BaSO4 as a radiopacifier, was kindly provided by Tecres (Sommacampagna, Italy) and Palacos R, which contains ZrO2 that is not yttria-stabilised as a radiopacifier, was kindly provided by Heraeus (Newbury, UK). Alpha Minimum Essential Medium (α-MEM with nucleosides, L-glutamine, sodium pyruvate, lipoic acid, B12, biotin and ascorbic acid), foetal bovine serum and penicillin/streptomycin were purchased from Life Technologies Ltd (Paisley, UK).
10
Oxidation of Titanium Nitride Nanoparticles
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Titanium nitride (TiN, 20 nm, 99.0 %, Goodfellow) was used as a precursor without any further treatment. For oxidation, generally 20 mg of the nanopowder was placed into a ceramic boat and annealed in a muffle tube furnace (Heraeus R07/50, 220 V, 13.6 A, 50/60 Hz, 3.0 kW) under air atmosphere at various temperatures (300 °C -450 °C) for various times (30 min -9 h). After annealing, the powders show variations of grey color. For reference samples, we reduced anatase TiO 2 (<25nm, Sigma Aldrich) by thermal annealing at 500 °C for 3 h in the tube furnace under an argon or Ar/H 2 atmosphere at a flow rate of 6 L/h.
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