Sodium tetraborate

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States

Sodium tetraborate, also known as borax, is a white crystalline compound that is commonly used in laboratory settings. It serves as a buffering agent, maintaining a stable pH in various chemical reactions and solutions. Sodium tetraborate is a versatile compound that can be utilized in a range of applications within the scientific and industrial domains.

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Sodium tetraborate decahydrate (2 citations)

12 protocols using sodium tetraborate

Eriochrome Cyanine R Staining Protocol

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Slides were postfixed for 1 hour in 4% PFA, rinsed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), acetone treated for 5 min, rinsed in PBS, and immersed in Eri-C solution [0.2% eriochrome cyanine R (Millipore Sigma, 1031640025), 0.5% sulfuric acid (JT Baker, 9681-00), and 0.4% ferric ammonium sulfate (Thermo Fisher Scientific, I75-500)] for 30 min. Sections were differentiated in 5% ferric ammonium sulfate for 1 to 10 min, followed by a second differentiation in borax-ferricyanide solution [0.03 M sodium tetraborate (Thermo Fisher Scientific, S246-500) and 0.04 M potassium ferricyanide (Thermo Fisher Scientific, P232-500)] for 2 to 5 min.

Fertuzinhos S., Legué E., Li D, & Liem KF J.r. (2022). A dominant tubulin mutation causes cerebellar neurodegeneration in a genetic model of tubulinopathy. Science Advances, 8(7), eabf7262.

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Hydrogel Biomaterial Composition Analysis

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High-viscosity (HV) sodium
alginate (Hydagen 558P) and sodium hyaluronate/hyaluronan (36 kDa)
were provided by BASF SE. Calcium phosphate, succinic acid, sodium
citrate, glacial acetic acid, sodium carbonate, β-d-glucose, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, calcium carbonate,
sodium citrate, phytic acid (inositol hexakisphosphate), sodium tetraborate,
sulfuric acid, and ammonium hydroxide were purchased from Thermo Fisher.
Schiff’s fuchsin sulfite reagent, sodium metabisulfate, periodic
acid, calcium chloride, citric acid, low-viscosity (LV) sodium alginate
from brown algae (catalog #A1112), and carbazole were purchased from
Millipore Sigma. Ethanol (200 proof) was purchased from Koptek. Carbon
tape and microscopy stands were purchased from Ted Pella. Ultrapure
deionized water was sourced from a MilliQ 85/15 system (Millipore
Sigma).

Wong D.E., Cunniffe J.C., Scher H.B, & Jeoh T. (2020). Chelator Regulation of In Situ Calcium Availability to Enable Spray-Dry Microencapsulation in Cross-Linked Alginates. ACS Omega, 5(38), 24453-24460.

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Flax Seed Mucilage Extraction and Characterization

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Flax seeds (Aramis) produced commercially in North France (Van Robaeys Frères, France) was used as the raw material for the extraction of mucilage. D₂O was used as NMR solvent for ¹H and ¹³C NMR characterization. Resorcinol (99%), hydroxydiphenyl solution and l-arabinose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint-Louis, MO, United States). Sodium tetraborate (98%), d-galactose (99%) and l-fucose (97%) were purchased from ACROS ORGANICS (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). d-galacturonic acid and potassium sulfamate (98%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Thermo Fisher Scientific GmbH, Kandel, Germany). d-xylose was purchased from VWR chemicals (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France). Sulfuric acid (>95%) was purchased from Fisher chemicals (Fisher Scientific International, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States). Bicinchonic acid solution, copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 4% solution and protein standard (Bovine Serum Albumin-BSA) were used for the protein test and were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint-Louis, MI, USA).

Dubois F., Musa C., Duponchel B., Tidahy L., Sécordel X., Mallard I, & Delattre F. (2020). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Calorimetric Investigations of Extraction Mode on Flaxseed Gum Composition. Polymers, 12(11), 2654.

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Watermelon Pectin Extraction and Analysis

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The watermelons were obtained from Klang, Selangor. Phenolphthalein, hydrochloric acid (HCl), citric acid, sodium tetraborate, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were purchased from Fischer Scientific. Standard galacturonic acid and 3-phenyl phenol were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. All the chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade.

Lim W., Yusof N., Ismail‐Fitry M.R., & Suleiman N. (2020). Volarization of valuable compound from watermelon by-product using ultrasound-assisted extraction. Food Research, 4(6), 1995-2002.

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Salicylate-Based Analytical Procedure

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The following reagents were purchased from Acros Organics: hydrochloric acid, sodium tetraborate, sodium salicylate, methylsalicylate, salicylamide, sodium hydrocarbonate, citric acid, sodium chloride, aminoacids, titanium(IV) tetraethoxyde, and tetraethyl orthosilicate. All the reagents were of analytical grade, titanium(IV) tetraethoxyde was of technical grade.
Stock solutions of salicylate and salicylamide were prepared with doubly distilled water. Stock solution of methylsalicylate was prepared with ethanol. Only freshly prepared solutions of these substances were used.
Trinder reagent was prepared as in [13 (link)]: 4.0 g of iron (III) nitrate nonahydrate and 5.0 g of trichloroacetic acid were dissolved in 100.0 mL of doubly distilled water.

Morosanova M.A, & Morosanova E.I. (2015). Silica-titania xerogel for solid phase spectrophotometric determination of salicylate and its derivatives in biological liquids and pharmaceuticals. Chemistry Central Journal, 9, 64.

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Amino Acid Derivatization and Analysis

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l and d amino acids (Glu, Ser, Ala, Tyr, Phe), l-Cys, OPA, ammonium bicarbonate, perchloric acid (ACS reagent, 70%), formaldehyde (37% w/w), dichloromethane, ninhydrin, fluorescamine, Ellman’s reagent (DTNB), NAC, NAP, IBLC, NBC, and BTCC were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Methanol and acetonitrile (ACN) were purchased from Baker (Radnor, PA, USA). Boric acid and sodium tetraborate were purchased from Acros (Geel, Belgium). Sodium cyanoborohydride was purchased from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). FDAA and FDVA were purchased from Thermo Fisher (Waltham, MA, USA).

Lkhagva A, & Tai H.C. (2021). Dimethylcysteine (DiCys)/o-Phthalaldehyde Derivatization for Chiral Metabolite Analyses: Cross-Comparison of Six Chiral Thiols. Molecules, 26(24), 7416.

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Detailed Chemical Analysis Protocol

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All of the chemicals and reagents used in this study were of analytical grade. Ethanol, acetone, sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), and potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) were purchased from Gram-mol doo (Zagreb, Croatia); sodium tetraborate, L-cystein, sulfamic acid, gelatin, potassium hydroxide, chloroform, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium); acetonitrile, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), silicone oil, and Folin–Ciocalteu reagent from Fisher Scientific (Leicestershire, UK); barium chlorid (BaCl₂) from abcr GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany), fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus, D-galacturonic acid, phenol, m-hydroxydiphenyl, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), arabinose, D-(+)-glucose, L-rhamnose, D-(−)-fructose, trimethylamine, 2,2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH), D-(+)-mannose, L-(−)-fucose, and ammonium acetate from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA); ethyl acetate, hexane, and absolute ethanol from Carlo Erba Reagents (Cornaredo, Italy); hydrochloric acid (HCl) from TKI Hrastnik (Hrastnik, Slovenia); sodium hydroxide from Lach-Ner (Zagreb, Croatia); sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) from Scharlab S.L. (Barcelona, Spain); D-(−)-ribose from TCI (Portland, OR, USA); and fluorescein sodium salt from Honeywell Riedel-de-Haën (Bucharest, Romania).

Dobrinčić A., Pedisić S., Zorić Z., Jurin M., Roje M., Čož-Rakovac R, & Dragović-Uzelac V. (2021). Microwave Assisted Extraction and Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata. Foods, 10(7), 1481.

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Preparation and Characterization of Cell Culture Media

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Sodium tetraborate, dextrose, and 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) were from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburg, PA). Cosmic Calf Serum was from HyClone Laboratories (South Logan, UT). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and boric acid were purchased from EMD chemicals (San Diego, CA). RPMI 1640 was from Mediatech (Manassas, Va). Acetonitrile (ACN) was from Avantor Performance Materials (Center Valley, PA). Gentamicin was from Lonza (Walkersville, MD). Collagenase P was purchased from Roche Diagnostics (Indianapolis, IN). All other chemicals were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) unless otherwise noted. All solutions were made with ultrapure DI water (NANOpure® Diamond system, Barnstead International, Dubuque, IA) and filtered with 0.2 μm nylon syringe filters from Pall Corporation (Port Washington, NY) unless otherwise noted. The pH for all solutions were adjusted using 1 or 5 M NaOH as needed.

Evans K., Wang X, & Roper M.G. (2019). Chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatographic separation for determination of L- and D-primary amines released from murine islets of Langerhans. Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications, 11(9), 1276-1283.

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Reagent Preparation for Analytical Protocols

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Unless otherwise specified, all reagents were acquired from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and used without further purification. Dichloromethane (reagent grade) was purchased from J.T. Baker/Avantor Performance Materials (Center Valley, PA, USA). Sodium tetra borate, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, 98 % sulfuric acid, and N-acetyl glycine were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA).

Mhike M., Hettick J.M., Chipinda I., Law B.F., Bledsoe T.A., Lemons A.R., Nayak A.P., Green B.J., Beezhold D.H., Simoyi R.H, & Siegel P.D. (2016). Characterization and comparative analysis of 2,4-toluene diisocyanate and 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate haptenated human serum albumin and hemoglobin. Journal of immunological methods, 431, 38-44.

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Isolation and Culture of Primary Cells

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Dextrose, sodium phosphate monobasic, sodium tetraborate, and HEPES were from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). Cosmic Calf Serum was from HyClone Laboratories (South Logan, Utah). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was purchased from EMD Chemicals (San Diego, CA). ACN was from Avantor Performance Materials (Center Valley, PA). Collagenase P was obtained from Roche Diagnostics (Indianapolis, IN). RPMI 1640 was from Mediatech (Manassas, VA). Gentamicin was from Lonza (Walkersville, MD). All other chemicals were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) unless otherwise noted. All solutions were made with ultrapure DI water (NANOpure® Diamond system, Barnstead International, Dubuque, IA).

Wang X., Yi L., Guillo C, & Roper M.G. (2015). Micellar electrokinetic chromatography method for measuring amino acid secretions from islets of Langerhans. Electrophoresis, 36(0), 1172-1178.

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