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6 protocols using o4 pe

1

Phenotypic analysis of aNSCs/NPCs

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The sub-ventricular zone was isolated and dissociated as described above for “Single cell RNA-seq using the 10x Genomics Chromium single cell technology”. In some cases, mice were given a 1mg/mouse dose of 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU) via intraperitoneal injection 4 hours prior to euthanasia. Antibody staining was carried out in FACS buffer at the following dilutions: PROM1-Biotin (eBioscience Cat.#13–1331-80 [1:300]), EGF-AlexaFluor 647 (Life Technologies Cat. #E35351 [1:300]), CD24-PacBlue (eBioscience Cat.#48–0242-80 [1:400]), CD31-PE (eBioscience Cat.#12–0311-81 [1:50]), CD45-BV605 (Biolegend Cat.#103139 [1:100]), Strep-PECy7 (eBioscience Cat.#25–4517-82 [1:500]), O4-PE (Miltenyi Cat.#130–099-211 [1:50]), CD317-FITC (Biolegend Cat.#127002 Clone:927 [1:50]) for one hour at 4°C. Samples were washed with 5mL of FACS buffer. Secondary staining was performed using Strep-PECy7 (eBioscience Cat.#25–4517-82 [1:500]) in FACS buffer at 4°C. Samples were washed with 5mL of FACS buffer, and resuspended in media containing 1μg/mL propidium iodide (Biolegend). Fluorescent-minus-one controls were used to set positive gates in each experiment. Cell populations were defined as follows:
BST2-positive and BST2-negative aNSCs/NPCs were subjected to subsequent analyses including bulk RNA-sequencing, EdU cycle analysis, and STAT1 staining.
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2

Glial Cell Profiling in Mouse Brain

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Hippocampal homogenates were washed, centrifuged at 500 g for 5 min, and blocked with PBS + 10% rat serum for 1 h, then stained with flow markers (BioLegend and Miltenyi) of anti-mouse Csf1r-Brilliant Violet (BV)605 (135517, BioLegend), CD11b-BV421 (101251, BioLegend), CD45-BV650 (103151, BioLegend), Glast-APC (130–123-555, Miltenyi), and O4-PE (130–117-357, Miltenyi) for 1 h. Washed cells were resuspended in 500 µl PBS and acquired with a Fortessa flow cytometer (BD Bioscience). Data were analyzed by Kaluza v2.1 software (Beckman Coulter). Astrocytes were defined as Glast+ cells, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) as O4+ cells, microglia as CD45lowCD11bhi cells. The % of glia among total brain cells and mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of Csf1r per microglia were measured and total Csf1r protein level was calculated as MFI x microglial No.
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3

Quantification of Brain Cell Populations

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Mouse hippocampi were dissected after CO2 euthanization and gently homogenized through 70 μm cell strainers (#352350, BD Bioscience, United States) in ice-cold PBS with 1% FBS. Homogenates were washed and centrifuged at 500 g for 5 min. Isolated cells were blocked with 10% rat serum in ice-cold PBS for 1 h. Brain cells were stained with 0.5 μL anti-mouse VGLUT2-Alexa488 (#MAB5504A4, Millipore, United States), CD11b-BV421 (#101251, BioLegend, United States), CD45-BV650 (#103151, BioLegend, United States), Glast-APC (#130–123-555, Miltenyi, Germany), and O4-PE (#130–117-357, Miltenyi, Germany) in PBS with 1% FBS on ice for 1 h. Corresponding isotype control antibodies (all BioLegend, United States) included rat IgG2a-Alexa488 (##400,525), IgG2b-BV421 (#400639), IgG2b-BV650 (#400651), IgG2b-APC (#400219), and IgM-PE (#401611). Cells were washed, resuspended in 500 mL PBS, and acquired with a Fortessa flow cytometer (BD Bioscience, United States). Data were analyzed by Kaluza v2.1 software (Beckman Coulter, United States). Astrocytes were defined as Glast+ cells, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) as O4+ cells, and microglia as CD45lowCD11bhi cells. Cell populations were calculated as % among total brain cells or microglia as previously described (Piirainen et al., 2021 (link); Chithanathan et al., 2022 (link)).
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4

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Microglia and Oligodendrocytes

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Single cell suspensions were obtained from homogenate of fresh ipsilateral hemisphere samples at P6. A detailed description of flow cytometry methodology is provided elsewhere [15 ]. In short, cells were incubated with fluorescent antibodies CD11b-APC (BD, San Diego) and CD45-PE-Cy (BD, San Diego), NOS2-Alexa fluor (Santa Cruz, Texas), Arginase PE (RD, Minneapolis), O4 PE (Milteny Biotec, Spain), O1 efluor 600 (Invitrogen, CA), and MOG Alexa fluor 488 (Santa Cruz, CA). Samples were analyzed on a flow cytometer Gallios (Beckmann Coulter, Brea, CA) and data were analyzed using Kaluza software (Beckmann Coulter, Brea, CA).
Gating on CD45 and CD11b revealed two distinct CD11b+ populations, a CD45lowpopulation, representing resident microglial cells, and a CD45high population, representing activated microglia/macrophages and infiltrating leukocytes [15 ]. Finally, CD11b+CD45+ population was identified as M1 (iNOS) or M2 (Arginase) phenotype using iNOS/Arginase ratio [15 ]. To study oligodendroglial (OL) cells, the procedure was similar but in this case samples were obtained at P14 an cell labeled with O4 as a marker of pre-OL, O1 as a marker of immature OL and MOG as a maker of mature pre-myelinating O [15 ].
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5

Phenotypic analysis of aNSCs/NPCs

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The sub-ventricular zone was isolated and dissociated as described above for “Single cell RNA-seq using the 10x Genomics Chromium single cell technology”. In some cases, mice were given a 1mg/mouse dose of 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU) via intraperitoneal injection 4 hours prior to euthanasia. Antibody staining was carried out in FACS buffer at the following dilutions: PROM1-Biotin (eBioscience Cat.#13–1331-80 [1:300]), EGF-AlexaFluor 647 (Life Technologies Cat. #E35351 [1:300]), CD24-PacBlue (eBioscience Cat.#48–0242-80 [1:400]), CD31-PE (eBioscience Cat.#12–0311-81 [1:50]), CD45-BV605 (Biolegend Cat.#103139 [1:100]), Strep-PECy7 (eBioscience Cat.#25–4517-82 [1:500]), O4-PE (Miltenyi Cat.#130–099-211 [1:50]), CD317-FITC (Biolegend Cat.#127002 Clone:927 [1:50]) for one hour at 4°C. Samples were washed with 5mL of FACS buffer. Secondary staining was performed using Strep-PECy7 (eBioscience Cat.#25–4517-82 [1:500]) in FACS buffer at 4°C. Samples were washed with 5mL of FACS buffer, and resuspended in media containing 1μg/mL propidium iodide (Biolegend). Fluorescent-minus-one controls were used to set positive gates in each experiment. Cell populations were defined as follows:
BST2-positive and BST2-negative aNSCs/NPCs were subjected to subsequent analyses including bulk RNA-sequencing, EdU cycle analysis, and STAT1 staining.
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6

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Brain Cells

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The third cohort of mice was used for flow cytometry analysis. After 24 h of LPS/saline challenge, mice were euthanized by carbon dioxide (CO2) overdose, and the hippocampus and cerebellum were dissected. Dissected brain regions were gently homogenized through 70 µm cell strainers (BD Falcon) in FC buffer (ice-cold, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) + 1% fetal calf serum). Isolated cells were blocked with 10% rat serum in ice-cold PBS for 1 h. Brain cells were stained with 0.5 μL of anti-mouse CD11b-BV421 (#101251, BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA), CD45-BV650 (#103151, BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA), O4-PE (#130-117-357, Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany), CX3CR1-A488 (#149021, BioLegend San Diego, CA, USA) for 1 h at 4 °C. Cells were washed and resuspended into 0.5 mL PBS. Samples were acquired with a 5-laser LSR Fortessa (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) cytometer and analyzed with Kaluza v1.2 software (Beckman Coulter, Indianapolis, IN, USA).
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