Sodium propionate nap

(S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,3-dimethyl-N-(5-phenylthiazol-2-yl) butanamide (CFMB) and TNF-α antagonist R-7050 [44 (link)] (Calbiochem, Darmstadt, Germany); sodium propionate (NaP) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA); pertussis toxin (PTX) (Wako, Osaka, Japan); gallein, cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (CPC) and trichostatin A (TSA) (Tokyo Chemical Industry, Tokyo, Japan); human recombinant TNF-α (PeproTech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA); polyclonal rabbit antibodies against human β-actin (Abcam), acetyl-histone H3 (Lys9/Lys14), cleaved caspase-3 (Asp175), cleaved caspase-9 (all Cell Signaling Technology, Boston, MA USA), GPR41 (Abcam), and GPR43 (Bioss, Boston, MA, USA); monoclonal rabbit antibodies against HDAC1, HDAC4, HDAC5 (Cell Signaling Technology) and HDAC8 (Abcam); monoclonal mouse antibodies against HDAC3 and caspase-8 (Cell Signaling Technology); and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse, anti-goat and anti-rabbit immunoglobulins (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) were used in the study.

Sodium propionate (NaP) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Inc. (St. Louis, MO, United States). NaP was dissolved in endotoxin-free distilled water and filtered using a syringe filter (0.2 μm pore size; Corning, Corning, NY, United States). Trypticase soy broth (TSB) and Bacto agar were purchased from BD Biosciences (Franklin Lakes, NJ, United States).