5 fluouracil 5 fu

PG2 purified from the root of Astragalus membranaceus and purchased from PhytoHealth Corp (Taipei, Taiwan). The working concentrations of the various inhibitors were as follows: 25 μM SB203580 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 20 μM PD98059 (Sigma-Aldrich), or 10 μM SP600125 (Sigma-Aldrich) (Chang et al., 2013). Cells were pretreated various inhibitors for 2 h, then PG2 (100 ng/ml) was added to cells for 24 h. Cisplatin and 5-fluouracil (5-FU) were purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich. The A549 (human lung cancer cell), PC9 (human lung cancer cells), B16F10 (murine melanoma cells) and LL2 (murine lung carcinoma ) cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% glutamine, and 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin (100 units/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin) at 37℃ in 5% CO2 condition. Jurkat cell line (human T lymphocyte) maintained in HyClone RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. The C57BL/6 mice were purchased from the National Laboratory Animal Center of Taiwan. The experimental protocol was approved by the Laboratory Animal Care and Use Committee of the National Sun Yat-sen-University (permit number: 10635).