Chlorhydric acid

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Germany

Chlorhydric acid is a clear, colorless, and highly corrosive liquid chemical compound. It is primarily used in various industrial and laboratory applications as a reagent or cleaning agent.

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7 protocols using chlorhydric acid

Adsorption Experiments with Moroccan Clay

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The adsorption tests were carried out with greenish clay (A₁) rich in free silica (Quartz), found in large quantities in the northern region of Morocco. A synthetic solution of nitrate was prepared by dissolving 722 mg of potassium nitrate (KNO₃) in 1 L of distilled water. KNO₃, chlorhydric acid (HCl), and Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

Battas A., Gaidoumi A.E., Ksakas A, & Kherbeche A. (2019). Adsorption Study for the Removal of Nitrate from Water Using Local Clay. The Scientific World Journal, 2019, 9529618.

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Multifunctional Nanoparticle Synthesis

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Iron(II) chloride, iron(III) chloride, oleic acid, sodium hydroxide, chlorhydric acid, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT), polyvinylalcohol (PVA, MW = 30–70 kDa), poly(lacticco-glycolic acid) (PLGA, molar ratio of 50:50, MW = 7000–17,000), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCC), dichloromethane (DCM), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and folic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Poly(ethylene glycol amine) (PEG-diamine, MW 3400) was received from Laysan Bio, Inc., Doxorubicin (DOX) was bought from Beijing HuaFeng United Technology Co., Ltd. Cell culture medium [Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM)], penicillin, streptomycin, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from Gibco BRL (Annapolis, MD, United States). All chemicals were of analytical grade and used without further purification, and all aqueous solutions were prepared using ultrapure water from a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, United States).

Jin Z., Chang J., Dou P., Jin S., Jiao M., Tang H., Jiang W., Ren W, & Zheng S. (2020). Tumor Targeted Multifunctional Magnetic Nanobubbles for MR/US Dual Imaging and Focused Ultrasound Triggered Drug Delivery. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8, 586874.

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Quantification of Bioactive Compounds

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The standards of gallic acid (98%), catechin (≥97%), epicatechin gallate (≥97%), kaempferol (≥97%), quercetin (≥95%), epicatechin (≥98%), rutin (≥94%), procyanidin B1 (≥90%) and procyanidin B2 (≥90%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MI, USA). The solvents glycerol (≥98%) and ethanol (≥99%) were purchased from Winkler Ltd. (Santiago, Chile). The reagents Folin-Ciocalteu, sodium hydroxide, chlorhydric acid, DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and Trolox were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MI, USA).

Huamán-Castilla N.L., Campos D., García-Ríos D., Parada J., Martínez-Cifuentes M., Mariotti-Celis M.S, & Pérez-Correa J.R. (2021). Chemical Properties of Vitis Vinifera Carménère Pomace Extracts Obtained by Hot Pressurized Liquid Extraction, and Their Inhibitory Effect on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Related Enzymes. Antioxidants, 10(3), 472.

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Compound Characterization for Digestion Study

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Sodium bicarbonate, chlorhydric acid, BSA (essentially FFA free), Triton X-100, pepsin A from porcine stomach mucosa (2500–3500 U/mg, P7012), trypsin from bovine pancreas (7500 N-α-benzoyl-_L-arginine ethyl ester U/mg, T9201) and α-amylase Type II-A from Bacillus (1333 U/mg, A6380) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Stockholm, Sweden). Fresh pig bile was obtained from TNO (Zeist, Netherlands). Pancreatin and Rhizopus lipase (150,000 U/mg, F-AP-15) was from Amano Enzyme (Nagoya, Japan). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), vitamins, nonessential amino acids (NEAA), penicillin (100 U/ml), streptomycin (100 mg/ml) and trypsin–EDTA were from Life Technologies. Unlabeled EPA and DHA were from Nu CheckPrep (Elysian, MN, USA). Radiolabeled 14C EPA and DHA were supplied by American Radiolabeled Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). The Scint-AXF scintillation fluid was from Packard Instrument (Meriden, CT, USA). Sodium taurocholate was purchased from Calbiochem (La Jolla, CA, USA), and hexane, chlorophorm and methanol were from Fisher Scientific.

Dasilva G., Boller M., Medina I, & Storch J. (2017). Relative levels of dietary EPA and DHA impact gastric oxidation and essential fatty acid uptake. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry, 55, 68-75.

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Antioxidant Capacity Determination Protocol

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All solvents used in the experiments from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), chlorhydric acid (HCl), disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na₂HPO₄), sodium monobasic phosphate (NaH₂PO₄H₂O), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), sodium nitrite (NaNO₂), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ß-carotene, linoleic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-bis(4-phenylsulfonic acid)-1,2,4-triazine (ferrozine), iron(II) tetrahydrate, iron(II), iron(III), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), polyvinyl polypyrolidone Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, potassium ferricyanide (K₃Fe(CN)₆) and aluminium chloride (AlCl₃) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Authentic standards of phenolic and carotenoid compounds were purchased from Sigma and Fluka. Stock solutions of these compounds were prepared in HPLC-grade methanol. These solutions were wrapped in aluminium foil and stored at 4 °C. All other chemicals used were of analytical grade.

Salem N., Msaada K., Dhifi W., Sriti J., Mejri H., Limam F, & Marzouk B. (2014). Effect of drought on safflower natural dyes and their biological activities. EXCLI Journal, 13, 1-18.

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Carotenoid Extraction and Analysis

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Analytical-grade dichloromethane, acetone and methanol were from Carlo Erba (CARLO ERBA Reagents S.r.l. Milan, Italy). HPLC-grade acetonitrile (ACN) and formic acid (FA) were from Scharlab (Scharlab S.L., Barcelona, Spain). Methanol (MeOH) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) of HPLC-grade were from Merck (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Ultra-pure water was produced by a NANOpureDiamond system (Barnsted Inc.). Mineral salts (KCl, NaCl), sodium bicarbonate, monopotassium-phosphate, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, chlorhydric acid, ascorbic acid (L-AAH, 99% purity grade), ammonium formate, pepsin (porcine gastric mucosa), pancreatin (porcine pancreas), bile salt, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin were from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Phytoene and Phytofluene standards were extracted from tomato fruits and purified following the procedure of Mapelli-Brahm, Corte-Real, Meléndez-Martínez and Bohn (2017) (link).

Stinco C.M., Sentandreu E., Mapelli-Brahm P., Navarro J.L., Vicario I.M, & Meléndez-Martínez A.J. (2020). Influence of high pressure homogenization and pasteurization on the in vitro bioaccessibility of carotenoids and flavonoids in orange juice. Food chemistry, 331.

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Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles

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Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 98%), HAuCl4•3H2O (99.9%), 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysiloxane (APTMS), glutaraldehyde (GA), chlorhydric acid (HCl, 37%) and pluronic P123 (Mw = 5800, EO20PO70EO20) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd. Other chemicals were purchased from Shanghai Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. It should be noted that a phosphate buffer solution (PBS, 0.1 M) was used as the supporting electrolyte. All other chemicals and reagents were of A.R. grade and used without further purification. Prior to experiments, the solutions were purged with purified nitrogen for at least 15 min to remove oxygen. Milli-Q 18.2 MΩ water was used throughout the experiments.

Zhong T., Guo Q., Zhu X., Liu R, & Huang S. (2021). Based on Gold Nanoparticles-L-Tyr-Amino Functionalized Mesoporous Materials-Polyphenol Oxidase Modified Biosensor for the Detection of Resorcinol. Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry, 37(6).

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