Adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (weighing 250–280 g) were obtained from the Animal Experimental Center of Chongqing Medical University and used for the in vivo study. Primary astrocytes were extracted from the cerebral cortices of newborn SD rats and cultured.
Glucose-free Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM)/F12, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). Trypsin and Hank’s solution were obtained from HyClone (Logan, UT, USA). Penicillin/streptomycin (Pen/Strep) and phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS) were obtained from Beyotime (Shanghai, China). Poly-L-lysine was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were obtained from Boster (Wuhan, China), and a CCK-8 kit was obtained from Dojindo (Kumamoto, Japan). TPI-1 was purchased from MedChem Express (NJ, USA).
Glucose-free Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM)/F12, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). Trypsin and Hank’s solution were obtained from HyClone (Logan, UT, USA). Penicillin/streptomycin (Pen/Strep) and phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS) were obtained from Beyotime (Shanghai, China). Poly-L-lysine was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were obtained from Boster (Wuhan, China), and a CCK-8 kit was obtained from Dojindo (Kumamoto, Japan). TPI-1 was purchased from MedChem Express (NJ, USA).