The tools used in this study are analytical balance, a set of glassware, glass jars, grinding tools, rotary evaporators, tweezers, vortex, Petri dishes, incubators, gloves, masks, nurse cap, Laminar Air Flow (LAF), micropipettes and sterile holes. Materials used in this study include samples of Padina australis brown grass, ethanol 96% (for maceration), pure culture suspension of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 obtained from BBLK (Center of Health Laboratory) Surabaya, NA media (Nutrient Agar), chloramphenicol 0, 1%, and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) 0.1%. HCl 2 N, NaCl (Bratachem), Mayer and Wagner reagents, NH4OH 28% (Merck), methanol (Merck), water, ethyl acetate (Merck), Dragendorf reagents, anhydrous acetic acid, H2SO4 (Merck), n-hexane (Merck), water, ethyl acetate (Merck), Dragendorf reagents, anhydrous acetic acid, H2SO4 (Merck), n-hexane (Merck), water, ethyl acetate (Merck), Dragendorf reagents, anhydrous acetic acid, H2SO4 (Merck), n-hexane (Merck), water. Merck), sulfuric acid anisaldehyde, HCl (p), chunks of magnesium, butanol, glacial acetic acid (Merck), 10% NaCl, gelatine, chloroform (Merck), FeCl3 (Merck), toluene (Merck), HNO3 (Merck), NaCl 10%, gelatine, chloroform (Merck), FeCl3 (Merck), toluene (Merck), HNO3 (Merck), chloroform (Merck), technical ethanol.
Ethyl acetate
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States, India, Italy, United Kingdom, Poland, France, Spain, Sao Tome and Principe, China, Australia, Switzerland, Macao, Chile, Belgium, Brazil, Ireland, Canada, Portugal, Indonesia, Denmark, Mexico, Japan
Ethyl acetate is a clear, colorless liquid solvent commonly used in laboratory applications. It has a characteristic sweet, fruity odor. Ethyl acetate is known for its ability to dissolve a variety of organic compounds, making it a versatile tool in chemical research and analysis.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Methanol, by Merck Group (430 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (256 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (194 mentions)
Chloroform, by Merck Group (175 mentions)
N hexane, by Merck Group (167 mentions)
Acetone, by Merck Group (154 mentions)
Formic acid, by Merck Group (152 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (114 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (110 mentions)
Hexane, by Merck Group (109 mentions)
Dichloromethane, by Merck Group (108 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (104 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (100 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (97 mentions)
Toluene, by Merck Group (85 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (69 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (69 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (66 mentions)
Ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (56 mentions)
Sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (54 mentions)
1 318 protocols using ethyl acetate
1
Bioactive Compounds Extraction and Antimicrobial Evaluation
2
Extraction and Fractionation of Insecticidal Metabolites
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The obtained filtrate (20 L) was divided into 2.5 L portions, which were placed in porcelain 5 L beakers. Each portion was extracted three times at room temperature in a reactor for 15 min with 500 mL ethyl acetate (Avantar) with intense stirring. The layers were separated in a separating funnel. The ethyl acetate layers were combined and the solvent was evaporated in vacuo (Buchi rotary evaporator) to yield 4 g of oil. The crude extract dissolved in 5 mL of ethyl acetate was applied to a silica gel column (40 g, 70–240 mesh, Merck); the products were eluted first with hexane (60 mL) and then with hexane-ethyl acetate mixtures from 5:1 to 1:5 (each mixture 150 mL), ethyl acetate (100 mL), ethyl acetate-methanol 1:1 (100 mL), and methanol (300 mL). Solvents from seven collected fractions were evaporated in vacuo, and the insecticidal activity of obtained extracts was tested. Each fraction was weighed, dissolved in acetone, and portioned. Part of each fraction was used to detect the metabolites in filtrates by GC/MS and to identify any insecticidal activity against G. mellonella larvae and adults.
3
Bacterial Indole-3-acetic Acid Identification
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After optimal conditions, the bacterial IAA was confirmed using TLC plate (Silica gel 60 F254, Merck, Germany). Supernatant of culture broth was collected. Supernatant was adjusted to pH 2.5 with 1N HCl, mixed with ethyl acetate (1:1) (Sigma Aldrich, USA). The upper layer was collected and evaporated by rotary evaporator at 40°C. The dried extract was dissolved with methanol (Sigma Aldrich, USA) for sample preparation (Bharucha et al. 2013 (link)). The standard IAA (15 μg/μL) and extracted samples (VR2 and MG9) were spotted on TLC plate. The solvent system was hexane: ethyl acetate: acetic acid (4.5 : 5.0 : 0.5 mL), (Sigma Aldrich, USA) (Modified from Jeyanthi & Ganesh 2013 ). Spots with Rf values identical to authentic IAA and compared with Rf of pure IAA as positive control. The Rf value was calculated using the equation:
4
Phytochemical Fingerprinting of Plant Extracts
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The thin layer chromatography (TLC) method was employed to separate the plant extract and evaluate their constituents. Ten microliter of each plant extract (1 mg/mL) was spotted on TLC plates (Whatman Inc., Florham Park, U.S.A) and were placed in TLC chambers containing different mobile phases with different polarities, namely EMW (ethyl acetate (Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany)/methanol/water (40:5.4:4), CEF (chloroform (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany)/ethyl acetate (Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany)/formic acid (Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany) (5:4:1, v/v/v), and BEA (benzene (Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany)/ethanol (Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany)/ammonium hydroxide (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) (90:10:1, v/v/v). The plates were developed and thereafter, visualized under UV light at wavelengths of 254 nm and 365 nm. The plates were sprayed with p-anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid (Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany) and heated at 100 °C to allow color development to determine the phytochemical fingerprints of the extracts.
5
Synthesis of Organic Perovskite Materials
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Formamidinium acetate (FA-acetate, 99%),
oleic acid (OA, technical grade 90%), oleylamine (OAm, technical grade
70%), 1-octadecene (ODE, technical grade 90%), hexane (reagent grade
≥95%), octane (anhydrous, ≥99%), methyl acetate (MeOAc,
anhydrous 99.5%), ethyl acetate (EtOAc, anhydrous 99.5%), R-methybenzylamine (98% purity), S-methybenzylamine
(98% purity), hydrobromic acid (ACS reagent, 48%), and ethyl acetate
(EtOAc, anhydrous, 99.8%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. (R)-2-Octylamine (98% purity) was purchased from Alfa Aesar.
oleic acid (OA, technical grade 90%), oleylamine (OAm, technical grade
70%), 1-octadecene (ODE, technical grade 90%), hexane (reagent grade
≥95%), octane (anhydrous, ≥99%), methyl acetate (MeOAc,
anhydrous 99.5%), ethyl acetate (EtOAc, anhydrous 99.5%), R-methybenzylamine (98% purity), S-methybenzylamine
(98% purity), hydrobromic acid (ACS reagent, 48%), and ethyl acetate
(EtOAc, anhydrous, 99.8%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. (R)-2-Octylamine (98% purity) was purchased from Alfa Aesar.
6
Synthesis of Functionalized Norbornene Derivatives
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Example 1
Materials: The following materials were purchased and used as received.
Dimethyl 5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylate (C3) was purchased from Alfa Aesar,
Dichloromethane (DCM) was stored over activated Alumina and purged with Argon before use, Isopropyl alcohol (IPA), dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), 1H,1H,2H-Perflouro-1-octene (PF6), 1H,1H,2H-Perflouro-1-dodecene (PF10), toluene, thionyl chloride, ethylacetate, dimethylformamide (DMF), Maleimide, furan, diisopropylazodicarboxylate (DIAD), triphenylphosphine (Ph3P), 1-haxadecanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF), ethyl acetate, N-phenylMaleimide, acetonitrile, methanol, Grubbs second generation catalyst, 3-bromopyridine, and pentane were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. and used without further treatment. Dichloropentane, also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co., was treated with basic alumina before use. Cyclooctadiene (COD) was purified by vacuum distillation from boron trifluoride and used fresh.
7
Chromophore Synthesis and Nanogel Formulations
8
Synthesis of TEMPO-4-sulfate from 4-Hydroxy-TEMPO
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K3Fe(CN)6 (Sigma-Aldrich, ≥99%) and K4Fe(CN)6·3H2O (Sigma-Aldrich ≥99.5%) were used as received. The synthesis of TEMPO-4-sulfate was based on a recent report.25 (link) The sodium form was produced by a slightly modified method. 4-Hydroxy-TEMPO (Henan Tianfu Chemical Co. LTD, >99%) was mortared into powder using a ball mill (350 rpm for 10 min) and added to concentrated H2SO4 (Sigma Aldrich 97%) under stirring at a molar ratio of 0.044. The solution reacted at room temperature for 20 min and was transferred to a funnel and dripped slowly into a suspension of NaHCO3 (Sigma-Aldrich) resulting in a neutral, yellow solution. The solution was shaken with ethyl acetate (Sigma-Aldrich) and the ethyl acetate phase discarded, before concentrating the aqueous solution of the reaction product at 50 °C under reduced pressure (rotary evaporator) to a yellow/orange suspension. Acetone was added to precipitate Na2SO4. The acetone phase was then evaporated off under reduced pressure and the resulting red/orange salt was used without further purification. An FT-IR analysis is available in S2† . The compounds were dissolved in 1 M NH4Cl which had been adjusted to pH 7 by addition of NH4OH. The pH was measured with a MU 6100 L (VWR) electrode.
9
Characterization of PAH(CF3)n Electron Acceptors
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See Table 1 for a list of abbreviations for the PAH and PAH(CF3)n compounds studied in this work. The generic abbreviation PAH(CF3)n denotes a compound with n H atoms replaced by n CF3 groups (e.g., the composition of ANTH(CF3)6 is C14H4(CF3)6, not C14H10(CF3)6). The PAH electron donors ANTH (TCI America, 94 %), CORO (TCI America, 95.0 %), PERY (Sigma–Aldrich, 99 %), and PYRN (Alfa Aesar, 98 %) were used as received. Spectroscopy grade toluene (Burdick & Jackson) and ethyl acetate (Sigma–Aldrich), ACS grade dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) and 1,2‐dichloroethane (1,2‐C2H4Cl2, Fisher Scientific), HPLC grade heptane, acetonitrile (CH3CN), and methanol (Fisher Scientific), anhydrous dimethoxyethane (DME, Sigma–Aldrich, inhibitor free), NMR grade hexafluorobenzene (C6F6, Sigma–Aldrich, 99.5+%), trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I, Synquest Laboratories, 99 %), chloroform‐d (CDCl3, Cambridge Isotopes), and ferrocene (Fe(Cp)2, Strem Chemical) were used as received. Electrochemical analysis grade tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (N(nBu)4ClO4, Sigma–Aldrich, 99+%) was recrystallized from ethyl acetate. The PAH(CF3)n electron acceptors ANTH‐5‐1, ANTH‐6‐1, AZUL‐5‐1, and TRPH‐6‐1 were prepared as previously described.26 , 46
10
Comprehensive Pesticide Extraction and Analysis
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The standards of pesticides were acquired from different sources (Dr. Ehrenstorfer, Augsburg, Germany; Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany; Cheminova, Harboore, Denmark; Agrovita, Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovak), with purity higher than 95%. Stock standard solutions of the individual pesticides, at a concentration 1 mg/mL, were prepared by weighing the pesticides and dissolving them in 10 mL of toluene (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). The working standard solution of pesticides was prepared in toluene by dilution and stored at 4 • C. This working solution contained all of the 33 studied pesticides at a concentration of 0.020 mg/mL. The calibration standards were prepared by additional dilution into acetonitrile (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). HPLC-grade acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, hexane, and water were also obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Every solvent used was pesticide residue grade. Anhydrous magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride were purchased from Lachema (Lachema a.s., Brno, Czech Republic). Octadecyl silica (C18) and primary secondary amine were obtained from Agilent Technologies (Avondale, PA, USA). ethyl acetate was received from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany).
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