Xanthine

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, Germany

Xanthine is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific. It is a chemical compound used as a substrate in various biochemical and cell-based assays. Xanthine serves as a core component in these analytical procedures, facilitating the measurement and evaluation of specific biological activities or functions.

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Lab products found in correlation

5 protocols using xanthine

Enzymatic Assay for Oxidative Stress

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Xanthine (99%) was obtained from Alfa Aesar,
and nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT, 90%) was purchased from
Acros Organics. Xanthine oxidase (0.4–1.0 units/mg protein,
lyophilized powder), 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine
(TMB) (≥99%), and PDADMAC (200–350 kg/mol, 20 wt %)
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. NaCH₃COO·3H₂O (≥99.5%) and glacial acetic acid (Ph.Eur./USP), obtained
from VWR, were used to prepare acetate buffer (pH 4.0). Phosphate
buffer (pH 7.0) was prepared using NaH₂PO₄ (99%,
anhydrous) and Na₂HPO₄ (≥99%, GPR RECTAPUR)
purchased from Acros Organics and VWR, respectively. Tris(hydroxymethyl)
aminomethane (TRIS) (AnalaR NORMAPUR), bought from VWR, was used to
prepare TRIS–HCl buffer (pH 9.0). Dimethyl sulfoxide (AnalaR
NORMAPUR), HCl (37 w/w %, AnalaR NORMAPUR), NaOH (≥99.3%, AnalaR
NORMAPUR), H₂O₂ (30% w/w), and NaCl (99.9%)
were obtained from VWR. The glass and plasticware were cleaned using
the Hellmanex III reagent, bought from Hellma. Ultrapure water was
obtained from the Adrona water purification system (Bio-Science Kft)
and was further filtered using polyvinyl difluoride-based syringe
filters (0.1 μm, Millex-VV).

Alsharif N.B., Viczián D., Szcześ A, & Szilagyi I. (2023). Formulation of Antioxidant Composites by Controlled Heteroaggregation of Cerium Oxide and Manganese Oxide Nanozymes. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and Interfaces, 127(34), 17201-17212.

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Chemical Reagents for Oxidative Assays

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Other chemicals were as follows: Rose Bengal (R323-25; Fisher Scientific); H₂O₂ (BP2633; Fisher Scientific); Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate (423731000; Acros Organics); sodium hypochlorite (3336936; Alga Aesar); potassium superoxide (AC325501000; Acros Organics); xanthine (A1107714; Alfa Aesar); and xanthine oxidase (68215110U; EMD Millipore).

Idikuda V., Gao W., Grant K., Su Z., Liu Q, & Zhou L. (2018). Singlet oxygen modification abolishes voltage-dependent inactivation of the sea urchin spHCN channel. The Journal of General Physiology, 150(9), 1273-1286.

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Bioactive Compounds in Fucus Vesiculosus

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Ground F. vesiculosus from July 2017 was purchased from Algaplus Lda (Aveiro, Portugal). Acetone, ethanol, acetonitrile HPLC grade, hydrochloric acid, and glacial acetic acid were acquired from Fisher Chemical (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). The enzymes α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (EC No.—3.2.1.20) and xanthine oxidase from bovine milk (EC No.—1.17.3.2), together with 2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (DMBA), phloroglucinol, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)diammonium salt (ABTS-NH₄), nitrotetrazolium blue chloride (NBT), phenazine methosulfate (PMS), 4-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG), allopurinol, ascorbic acid, and formic acid, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Potassium persulfate, potassium di-hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydroxide, sodium di-hydrogen phosphate 1-hydrate, and gallic acid were acquired from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NADH), trolox, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS), acarbose, and 4-nitrophenol were purchased from Acros Organics (Hampton, NH, USA) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were acquired from Honeywell Riedel-de Haën (Charlotte, NC, USA), and xanthine were purchased from AlfaAesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA). All reagents were of analytical grade or of the highest available purity.

Amarante S.J., Catarino M.D., Marçal C., Silva A.M., Ferreira R, & Cardoso S.M. (2020). Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phlorotannins from Fucus vesiculosus. Marine Drugs, 18(11), 559.

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Enzymatic Oxidation of Xanthine

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Materials H 2 O 2 (30% m/m), HCl (37% m/m), NaCl (B99.5%), acetone (B99.8%), absolute ethanol (Z99.8%), NaOH (AnalaR NORMAPUR s ), and K 2 S 2 O 8 (98%, AnalaR NORMAPUR s ) were purchased from VWRt, while KMnO 4 (reagent grade, 99%), nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (90%), styrene (99%), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (58 000 g mol À1 ) were bought from Acros Organicst. Oleic acid (90%, technical grade), PDADMAC (200 000-350 000 g mol À1 , 20 wt%), and Xanthine oxidase (lyophilized powder, 0.4-1.0 units per mg protein) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Xanthine (99%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Phosphate buffer solution was prepared using NaH 2 PO 4 (99%, anhydrous) and Na 2 HPO 4 (Z99%, GPR RECTAPUR s ), which were obtained from Acros Organicst and VWRt, respectively. Hellmanex s III cleaning agent was bought from Hellma while Spectra/Por s 6 dialysis membrane tubing was obtained from SpectrumLabs. The pH was kept at (9.0 AE 0.2) throughout all experiments, unless indicated otherwise. The VWRt Puranity TU 3 UV/UF+ system was used to obtain ultrapure water, which was further filtered using PVDF-based 0.1 mm syringe filters purchased from MILLEX-VV. The ionic strength was adjusted by NaCl solutions.

Alsharif N.B., Bere K., Sáringer S., Samu G.F., Takács D., Hornok V, & Szilagyi I. (2021). Design of hybrid biocatalysts by controlled heteroaggregation of manganese oxide and sulfate latex particles to combat reactive oxygen species. Journal of materials chemistry. B, 9(24).

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Antioxidant Assay Protocol Optimization

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Magnesium(II) chloride hexahydrate, iron(III) chloride hexahydrate, copper(II) chloride dihydrate, 4 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) stock solution, sodium chloride (NaCl), trisodium citrate dihydrate, ammonium acetate, methanol and the 2,2diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical were all purchased from VWR International (Radnor, USA) with analytical purity and were used as received. Aluminum(III) chloride hexahydrate and xanthine were acquired in analytical grade from Alfa Aesar (Karlsruhe, Germany). 2,2′-Bipyridyl (99%) and nitro blue tetrazolium (90%, NBT) chloride monohydrate were purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). xanthine oxidase from bovine milk was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The sodium salt of poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS, molecular mass of 10 kg mol -1 ) and 20 weight% aqueous poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium) chloride (PDADMAC, average molecular mass of 275 kg mol -1 ) solution were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Budapest, Hungary). Ultrapure water was produced by reverse osmosis and UV irradiation using a Puranity TU 3 + UV/UF system (VWR International).

Somosi Z., May N.V., Sebők D., Pálinkó I, & Szilágyi I. (2021). Catalytic antioxidant nanocomposites based on sequential adsorption of redox active metal complexes and polyelectrolytes on nanoclay particles. Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003), 50(7).

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