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297 protocols using axio imager m1 microscope

1

Fluorescence Microscopy of Fungal Morphogenesis

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Fluorescence microscopy was performed using an AxioImager M.1 microscope (Zeiss) equipped with a CoolSnap HQ camera (Roper Scientific) and a SpectraX LED lamp (Lumencor). Images were captured and edited with MetaMorph (Universal Imaging). For localization of PRO34, strains were grown on BMM-covered slides [31 (link)] for two days. Mitochondria were stained with 100 µM MitoTracker orange CMTMRos (Life Technologies, Darmstadt, Germany). GFP and MitoTracker fluorescence was analyzed using Chroma filter sets (Chroma Technology Corp.) 41017 (HQ470/40, HQ525/50, Q495lp) and 49008 (HQ560/40, ET630/75m, T585lp), respectively.
Hyphal fusion was observed after two days of growth on MMS with cellophane as described using the AxioImager M.1 microscope (Zeiss) [27 (link)].
Perithecia formation was assayed on BMM plates after seven days of growth using a Stemi 2000-C stereomicroscope (Zeiss) equipped with an AxioCamERc5s digital camera (Zeiss) and AxioVision software (Zeiss). Ascospore formation was assayed after ten days of growth on BMM plates. Perithecia were cracked open and ascus rosettes were imaged on slides using the AxioImager M.1 microscope (Zeiss). Images were processed with Adobe CS4 and CS6 (Adobe Corp.).
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2

Analyzing DAF-16::GFP and AKT-1 Localization

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Worms were cultured at 20 °C. To measure the cellular localization of DAF-16::GFP, worms growing for 6–10 h after the L4 stage were picked on pad and visualized under fluorescent microscopy within 2 min. DAF-16::GFP localization in intestinal cells was manually classified (Fig. 3d). The number of worms in each category was counted. Images were taken using a Zeiss Axio Imager M1 microscope at 400-fold magnification with the Axiovision Rel. 4.7 software (Carl Zeiss Ltd.). Images of worms expressing AKT-1::GFP or AKT-T492A::GFP were taken by the Zeiss Axio Imager M1 microscope at 100- or 200-fold magnification. The penetrance of AKT-1-T492A::GFP nuclear localization in proximal gonad was calculated by scoring the number of worms under the same microscope at 1000-fold magnification. Fluorescence images of AKT-1::GFP or AKT-T492A::GFP in the germline were acquired using a Spinning Disk microscope and processed with Volocity Demo 6.3 (PerkinElmer).
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Microscopy and 3D Visualization

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Bright-field images were captured using AxioVision software and an AxioImager M1 microscope equipped with an AxioCam ICc3 digital camera (Carl ZeissMicroscopy, LLC, Germany). Fluorescent images were acquired using AxioImager M1 microscope equipped with an MRm digital camera and AxioVision software, with an LSM700 confocal microscope and a Zen software (Carl Zeiss Microscopy, LLC, Germany). Amira software was used for 3D visualization and analysis.
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Histomorphological Profiling of Xenograft Tumors

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For histomorphological observation, cryosections (10 µm) of shock-frozen SW620, SW480, and LS1034 xenografts were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and documented using an AxioImager M1 microscope (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging). For immunofluorescence stainings, frozen sections were fixed with acetone (10 min, 4 °C; Merck Millipore) and stored for 48 h at 4 °C. To visualize the distribution of CD44 positive cells relative to vessels and hypoxic areas, sections were exposed to a 1% BSA (Biomol) in PBS blocking solution for 1 h at room temperature and then stained for CD44, CD31, and pimonidazole. Antibodies with concentrations and incubation times for immunostaining are given in Table S1. Adequate isotype controls were routinely applied on parallel sections. After nuclear counterstaining with DAPI, slides were mounted (Dako Fluorescent Mounting Medium; Dako) and stored for 12 h at 4 °C in the dark before visualization on a Zeiss - AxioImager M1 microscope. Images were taken as mosaics with a 40× objective and processed with the ZEN blue 2012 software (both Carl Zeiss MicroImaging) to merge total views of median xenograft sections.
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Cardiac Receptor Immunofluorescence and PAS Staining

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Paraffin sections of the respective left ventricles were deparaffinized and rehydrated. Antigen unmasking was performed in 10 mmol/L citrate buffer (pH 6) at 100°C and unspecific binding sites were blocked with 5% goat serum. Specific antigen binding was performed by incubation with the respective first antibody (Supplemental Table 2, Supplemental Digital Content 4, https://links.lww.com/SHK/A907). Specific antibody binding was detected with AlexaFluor488-labeled second antibody (Jackson Immunoresearch, West Grove, Pa). Nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst and sections were mounted. Expression of the respective receptors was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy using an Axio ImagerM.1 microscope and the Zeiss AxioVision software 4.9 (Zeiss, Jena, Germany) with 40× magnification (N.A. 0.75). Fluorescence intensities were evaluated using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md) and results are presented as mean pixel density of each group.
PAS staining was performed using PAS-staining-Kit (Merckmillipore, Darmstadt, Germany). Signal density was measured using an Axio ImagerM.1 microscope and the Zeiss AxioVision software 4.9 (Zeiss, Jena, Germany) with 40× magnification (N.A. 0.75). Results are presented as mean density of each group (arbitrary units).
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Skin Proteins

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Dewaxed and rehydrated slides were processed for antigen unmasking. Briefly, the slides were boiled in Tris-EDTA buffer (10 mM Tris Base, 1 mM EDTA, 0.05% Tween-20, pH 9.0) for 20 min and then cooled with tap water. The slides were permeabilized for 15 min and blocked for 30 min at room temperature. The samples were incubated overnight at 4°C with the diluted 1:200 primary antibodies [anti-human KRT10 (sc-51581), KRT16 (sc-53255), IVL (sc-15225), PPL (sc-16754), CASR (sc-32182), ORAI1 (sc-377281), ORAI3 (sc-292104), STIM1 (sc-68897), VDR (sc-1009), CALB1 (sc-365360), TRPV6 (sc-28763), S100A7 (sc-67047), sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) (sc-390974), 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1-α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) (sc-49643) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) (sc-66851); all from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.]. After washing, the slides were incubated 2 h at room temperature with the 1:400 diluted secondary antibodies [Alexa Fluor 488 (A-21441)-, 594 (A-11058)- and 647 (A-31571)-conjugated; Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA]. Additionally, the slides were incubated for 5 min with 2 µg/ml DAPI (Sigma-Aldrich) and observed under a Zeiss Axio Imager M1 microscope (Carl Zeiss).
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7

Quantifying Motor Neuron Density in Murine Spinal Cord

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To visualize neurons, Nissl staining was performed on 4% formaldehyde-fixed spinal cord sections. Sections were briefly immersed in a cresyl violet solution and subsequently in a 70% ethanol with 10% acetic acid. Slides were dehydrated by an increased ethanol concentration series and mounted with PerTex® (Histolab AB, Goteborg, Sweden). Images were collected by Zeiss Axio Imager M1 microscope (Carl Zeiss AG, Jena, Germany) with AxioCam Mrc5 camera (Carl Zeiss AG). The number of (motor) neurons was quantified by measurement of the soma area as visualized by cresyl violet staining in ImageJ (National Institute for Health) on multiple 40 µm thick sections in the ventral horn of the lumbar spinal cord. Characterization of motor neurons occurred as previously (51 (link)) on at least five ventral horns of the lumbar spinal cord of 2–3 mice per group.
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8

Spinal Cord Immunohistochemistry in Mice

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Mice were transcardially perfused with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and subsequently with 4% formaldehyde. Spinal cords were post-fixed with 4% formaldehyde overnight at 4 °C and transferred to 30% sucrose for an additional night. After snap freezing, tissue was sectioned by cryostat at 40 μm thickness and stained with antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, USA) and Iba1 (Wako, Japan). Secondary antibodies for immunofluorescence include Alexa-555 and Alexa-488 (Invitrogen). Vectashield with DAPI (Vector, Burlingame, CA) was used for mounting spinal cord sections. Images were collected by Zeiss Axio Imager M1 microscope (Carl Zeiss AG) with AxioCam Mrc5 camera (Carl Zeiss AG).
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9

Alizarin Red S Staining of Bone

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Dewaxed skin section slides were incubated for 2 min with Alizarin Red S solution (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA). The slides were mounted in 'DPX mounting medium' (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and evaluated under a Zeiss Axio Imager M1 microscope (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany).
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10

Immunofluorescence Staining and Colocalization Analysis

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Cells plated on coverslips were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min at room temperature and were washed with PBS. Permeabilization and blocking was done for 30 min using PBS containing 0.2% Triton X-100 (Acros Organics) and 5% donkey serum (Sigma) for 1 h. Cells were incubated overnight at 4 °C in blocking buffer (2% donkey serum) containing the different primary antibodies (Abs). After washing with PBS, cells were incubated with secondary Abs (Invitrogen) for 1 h at room temperature. Primary Abs and dilutions are listed in Supplementary Table 3.
Fluorescent and bright field micrographs were captured using a Zeiss Axio Imager M1 microscope (Carl Zeiss) equipped with an AxioCam MRc5 (bright field, Carl Zeiss) or a monochrome AxioCam Mrm camera (fluorescence, Carl Zeiss). Images were analyzed using ImageJ with Coloc2 plug-in. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used for expressing the intensity correlation for colocalization.
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