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21 protocols using ethanedithiol

1

Synthesis of SnSe Nanostructures

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SnSe lump (99.999%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Ethanedithiol (≥98%), ethylenediamine (≥99.5%), acetonitrile (>99.8%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, >99.9%), and N-methylformamide (NMF, 99%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Co. All element and chemicals were used without further purification.
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2

Synthesis and Purification of Integrin-Binding Peptides

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Both RGD, an integrin-binding, and RGE (Arginine-Glycine-Glutamic acid), a non-integrin-binding, peptides were synthesized using a 0.4mmol scale Knorr-amide resin (Synbiosci Corp.) and standard FMOC (9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl) chemistry. Once synthesized peptides were capped with an acetyl group, and then cleaved from the resin using 95% trifluoroacetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), 2.5% water, 1.25% triisopropylsilane (Sigma-Aldrich), and 1.25% ethanedithiol (Sigma-Aldrich). Cleaved peptides were precipitated in cold ether and then recovered utilizing centrifugation. The crude peptides were then further purified using an acetonitrile gradient on an AKTA Explorer FPLC (GE Healthcare) equipped with a 22/250 C18 reversed phase column (Grace Davidson). Molecular weight and purity was confirmed by time of flight MALDI mass spectrometry using a 4800 Plus MALDI TOF/TOF Analyzer (Applied Biosystems).
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3

Synthesis and Characterization of FITC-Labeled Compounds

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Gemcitabine hydrochloride was purchased from Actavis (Italy). FMOC-Rink-Amide AM resin and amino acid derivatives were obtained from AAPPTec (Louisville, USA). Coupling agents (TBTU, DIEPA), scavengers (ethanedithiol, phenol, TIPS), cleavage reagents (piperidine, TFA), and FITC were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, USA). 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), RPMI1640, fetal bovine serum (FBS), trypsin-EDTA and penicillin/streptomycin were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, USA).
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4

Chitosan-Based Peptide Synthesis

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Chitosan and Tris-HCl
were obtained from Êxodo Científica (São Paulo,
Brazil); amino acids, resin (Fmoc-Rink amide resin), 4-methylpiperidine,
hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt), N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA),
triisopropylsilane (TIS), ethanedithiol (EDT), NAC, N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), N-hydroxysulfosucchimide (NHS), (N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic
acid (MES), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), acetonitrile, and triethyl
citrate were obtained in high-performance liquid chromatography grade
from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, USA); dimethylformamide (DMF) was purchased
from Neon Comercial (São Paulo, Brazil); dichloromethane (DCM)
was purchased from Anidrol Laboratory (São Paulo, Brazil).
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5

Peptide Synthesis of FliC and FliD

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NCP Block of 96 hydroxypropylmethacrylate pins and F-moc protected amino acids were obtained from Mimotopes (Clayton, Victoria, Australia). Chemicals used for synthesis and side chain deprotection like piperidine, dimethylformamide (DMF), trifluoracetic acid, diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) were of analytical grade, purchased from Merck Millipore (Burlington, MA, USA). Reagents like 2-mercaptoethanol, ethanedithiol, anisole, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HoAt), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) and bromophenol blue were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA).
A total of 20 FliC 15-amino acid- and 32 FliD 16-amino acid-long peptides covering predicted epitopes were synthesized. Peptides were synthesized according to standard protocol25 (link) with slight changes6 (link),26 (link).
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6

Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis

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Rink amide
resin, Fmoc-amino acids, Triton-X, piperidine, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dichloromethane (DCM), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
(DCC), 1-hydroxy-6-chloro-benzotriazole (6-Cl-HOBt), ninhydrin, potassium
cyanide (KCN), ethanol, pyridine, phenol, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA),
ethyl ether, triisopropylsilane (TIS), ethanedithiol (EDT), acetonitrile
(ACN), methanol (MeOH), and Supelco solid-phase extraction columns
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Fmoc-Dip-OH was
obtained from AAPPTec (Louisville, KY). A Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 column
was purchased from Agilent Technologies (California), a SunShell C18
column was purchased from ChromaNik Technologies Inc (Osaka, Japan),
and a Chromolith High Resolution RP-18e column was purchased from
Merk (New Jersey).
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7

Chemoselective Protein Conjugation Workflow

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Dibenzocyclooctyne-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester (DBCO-NHS), N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), barium hydroxide, and ethanedithiol were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), (succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate) (SMCC), NHS-PEG4-Azide, and Phosphate buffered saline (PBS, 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. The carboxylated silica beads (3 μm) were purchased from Microspheres-Nanospheres. Biotin-modified reverse primer, BsaI-restriction site included forward primer and other DNA oligonucleotides (see sequences in Supplementary Table 1) were purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT). The pET-26b (+) plasmid was received from EMD Millipore Sigma. All synthetic peptides were purchased from GenScript. Noxa BH3 peptide was purchased from Anaspec. (See sequences in Supplementary Table 2).
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8

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Polymers

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Unless otherwise stated, ACS reagent grade chemicals and solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purification. Tetrahydrofuran was collected from a dry solvent system and used immediately thereafter. Allyl glycidyl ether was purchased from TCI-America, Inc., degassed by freeze–pump–thaw, and distilled onto butylmagnesium chloride (Sigma-Aldrich), where it was stirred for 10 min at 0 °C and distilled to a buret for use. Potassium naphthalenide was prepared from potassium metal and recrystallized naphthalene in dry THF and allowed to stir with a glass-coated stir bar for 24 h at room temperature before use. Triethylsilane and tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane were purchased from Gelest. 2,2-Dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (99%), eugenol, ethane dithiol, ethylene oxide (99.5%+), and poly(ethylene oxide) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Deuterated solvents for NMR were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.
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9

Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis Protocol

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Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) amino acid derivatives, di-isopropylethylamine, trifluoracetic acid, pyridine, phenol, ethanedithiol, thioanisole, (1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethylidenaminooxy)dimethylamino-morpholino-carbenium hexafluorophosphate (COMU), and rink amide 9H-fluoren-9-ylmethyl N-[[4-[2-[bis(4-methylphenyl)methylamino]-2-oxoethoxy]phenyl]-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]carbamate (MBHA) resin (0.5 mmol/g) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Caplugs Evergreen 5-inch chromatography columns, piperidine, DMF, and all other solvents (HPLC grade) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific.
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10

Peptide Synthesis Reagents and Supplies

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N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF), dichloromethane (DCM), acetonitrile (ACN), Oxyma Pure, ethanedithiol (EDT), 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran (2‐MeTHF), and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich. Diisopropylethylamine (DIEA), 1‐[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazolo[4,5‐b]pyridinium‐3‐oxidhexafluorophosphate (HATU), diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), Fmoc‐NHNH2, and triisopropylsilane (TIS) were purchased from Oakwood Chemical. 2′‐Chlorotritylchloride polystyrene resin (200–400 mesh) and all standard Fmoc‐protected amino acids were purchased from Bachem Americas. 4‐Methylpiperidine (4‐MePip) was purchased from TCI America. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) were purchased from AlfaAesar. TentaGel® XV trityl chloride resin (XV18130.031) was purchased from Rapp Polymere. Trityl‐OH ChemMatrix® (7–600‐1310) was purchased from Biotage. Diethyl ether (Et2O) and septa capped vials for storage under inert gas were purchased from Fisher Scientific. Methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) was purchased from VWR.
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