2400 membrane

The electrodes were composed of fluorinated compounds, acetylene black and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in a weight ratio of 8 : 1 : 1 in NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone) to form uniform slurry. Then, the obtained slurry was evenly coated on the aluminium foil and vacuum-dried at 80 °C for 4 h. The aluminium does not contribute to the electrochemical performance and is commonly used in the preparation of cathode of lithium primary batteries.³⁴ Finally, the electrode films were further cut into disks with diameter of 15 mm, and then vacuum-dried at 110 °C for 12 h before being transferred into a glove box for cell assembly. Each electrode comprises active materials within 1.5 to 2 mg cm⁻². To assemble coin cells (CR2016), a Li foil was used as both the anode and reference electrodes, Celgard 2400 membrane was used as a separator, and 1.0 M LiBF₄ in propylene carbonate/dimethoxy ethane (PC/DME, 1 : 1 vol) was used as the electrolyte. Galvanostatic discharge tests at various current densities were performed with a LAND CT2001A. The battery test system was maintained at 25 °C, and the cut-off voltage was 1.5 V. The electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) was measured with an Advanced Electrochemical System PARSTAT 4000 in the frequency range from 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz, and the depth of discharge (DOD) was 10%.

The
obtained material (FeCoNi)₃O₄@C was applied
as the anode. The electrochemical measurements were carried out at
room temperature using LIR2032 coin-type half cells. The working electrode
was prepared by mixing (FeCoNi)₃O₄@C, carboxymethylcellulose
(CMC), and acetylene black in deionized water with a weight ratio
of 8:1:1. The slurry, thoroughly ground in a mortar for 30 min, was
coated onto a piece of Cu foil and left to dry at 60 °C under
vacuum for 12 h. LIBs were assembled in an Ar-filled glovebox, where
water and oxygen concentrations were below 1 ppm. Lithium metal was
used as the counter electrode, using a Celgard 2400 membrane as a
separator, and 1.1 M LiPF6 in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC),
dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and vinylene carbonate (VC) (1:1:1 in weight)
was used as the electrolyte. Battery test systems (LAND CT2001A) were
employed to record the constant current charge and discharge performance
of the anode material in the voltage range of 0.01–3.0 V. Electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves were
tested at 25 °C with the electrochemical workstation (CHI604E)
in the voltage range of 0.01–3 V.

Electrochemical tests were performed using CR2032 coin-type cells with a lithium metal counter electrode. The working electrodes were prepared by coating slurries on 10 μm-thick copper foil with a mass loading of 1.0 mg cm⁻². The slurries, containing 2D-SiO_x nanosheets and 2D-SiO_x/0D-MoO₂ nanocomposites as the active materials were made by mixing the active material (70 wt%), Super-P as a conductive agent (10 wt%), and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as a binder (20 wt%) in deionized water. The slurry-coated electrodes were dried at 120 °C for 2 h in a vacuum oven. The coin-type cells were assembled in an Ar-filled glove box using a polyethylene membrane (Celgard 2400 membrane) as a separator and 1 M LiPF₆ dissolved in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate (3 : 7 v/v) with additives of fluoroethylene carbonate (2 wt%) (Panax Etec Co., Ltd.) as an electrolyte. The galvanostatic charge/discharge measurement was carried out using a battery-testing system (BaSyTec Cell Test System) at current densities of 200 mA g⁻¹ at a voltage range of 0.005 to 3.0 V versus Li/Li⁺. Charging (lithium insertion) was performed in a constant current–constant voltage mode and discharging was performed with in a constant-current mode. The structural changes of the discharged and charged 2D-SiO_x/0D-MoO₂ nanocomposites electrodes were analysed by ex situ XRD analysis during cycling.

Coin-cells were prepared to conduct electrochemical tests. 70 wt% anode materials, 20 wt% carbon black, and 10 wt% PVDF are dispersed into N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to form a homogeneous mixture, and then the mixture was pasted onto a copper foil and dried at 120 °C for 12 h. A lithium foil was selected as the counter electrode. A Celgard 2400 membrane was used as the separator, and 1 M LiPF₆ was dissolved into the solvent of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and dimethyl carbonate (DEC) (in 1 : 1 : 1 volume ratio) to obtain the electrolyte. The diameter of the electrode was 0.8 cm, and the mass loading of Si@C/CNTs was about 1.6 mg cm⁻². Energy density was calculated based on the mass of the active material. The assembling of coin-cells was operated in an Ar-filled glove box.
The galvanostatic discharge/charge cycling was tested on a LAND-CT2001A battery test system (Jinnuo Wuhan Corp., China) at different current densities in the voltage range from 0.01 V to 3.0 V (vs. Li/Li⁺). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests were conducted on an electrochemistry workstation at a scan rate of 0.1 mV s⁻¹.

The accelerated electrostatic conversion of LiPSs on the electrode matrix was analysed via assembling symmetric cells and utilizing CV technique at a scan rate of 5 mV s⁻¹. Briefly, symmetric cells consisted of two identical electrodes represented as CNF or Ni/NiO@CNF moisturized with 50 μL of 0.05 M Li₂S₆ solution and separated by the commercial Celgard 2400 membrane.