TEM, HRTEM and EDX were conducted by JEM‐2100 Plus (JEOL) electron microscope operating at 200 kV. The HAADF‐STEM was conducted on JEOL NEOARM 200 F with 200 kV of accelerating voltage.
Nitrogen adsorption‐desorption isotherms were measured on Micromeritics Tristar II 3020 instrument at −196 °C. The specific surface area was estimated by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, and the pore size distribution was obtained from the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) desorption isotherm. The CO2‐TPD profile was measured on Micromeritics Autochem II ASAP 2920.
XPS was conducted on a 1486.6 eV X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer (ESCALAB Xi‐type) using AlKα source.