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20 protocols using 1200s vibratome

1

Slice Preparation and Electrophysiology of BNST

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Brains were sectioned at 0.07 (mm/s) on a Leica 1200S vibratome to obtain 300 µm coronal slices of the BNST, which were incubated in a heated holding chamber containing normal, oxygenated aCSF (in mM:124 NaCl, 4.4 KCl, 2 CaCl2, 1.2 MgSO4, 1 NaH2PO4, 10.0 glucose, and 26.0 NaHCO3) maintained at 30 ± 1°C for at least 1 hour before recording. Slices were transferred to a recording chamber (Warner Instruments) submerged in normal, oxygenated aCSF maintained at 28-30°C at a flow rate of 2 ml/min. Neurons of the BNST were visualized using infrared differential interference contrast (DIC) video-enhanced microscopy (Olympus). Borosilicate electrodes were pulled with a Flaming-Brown micropipette puller (Sutter Instruments) and had a pipette resistance between 3-6 MΩ. Signals were acquired via a Multiclamp 700B amplifier, digitized at 10 kHz and analyzed with Clampfit 10.3 software (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA).
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2

Brainstem Slicing and Electrophysiology

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Slices were obtained from adult (≥P60) C57/BL6 mice or from Syt7 KOs and wildtype littermates of both sexes (Chakrabarti et al., 2003 (link)). Animals were anesthetized using ketamine/xylazine (100/10 mg/kg) and transcardially perfused with solution composed of in mM: 110 Choline Cl, 2.5 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 25 NaHCO3, 25 glucose, 0.5 CaCl2, 7 MgCl2, 3.1 Na Pyruvate, 11.6 Na Ascorbate, 0.002 (R,S)-CPP, 0.005 NBQX, oxygenated with 95% O2 / 5% CO2, kept at 35°C. The back of the skull was removed and the hind brain was dissected by making a cut between the border of the cerebellum and midbrain. The dura was carefully removed from the hindbrain and the cut face was glued down. 250 μm thick coronal sections of the brainstem were made on a Leica 1200S vibratome and were then transferred to a holding chamber with ACSF containing in mM: 127 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 25 NaHCO3, 25 glucose, 1.5 CaCl2, 1 MgCl2, and allowed to recover at 35°C for at least 20 minutes before cooling to room temperature. For experiments involving an AAV, electrophysiology was performed 10–20 days after injections.
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3

Acute Hippocampal Slice Preparation

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Postnatal day (P) 15-20 mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and quickly decapitated. The brain was rapidly removed and submerged in ice-cold, low [Ca2+]o, high sucrose dissecting solution continuously oxygenated with carbogen (95%-5% O2-CO2) gas. Horizontal whole brain slices (300 μm) were made with a Leica 1200 S vibratome. Slices containing both hippocampus and entorhinal cortex were recovered in oxygenated normal artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) for 1 h at 32 C, and then stored at room temperature until use. The standard dissecting solution contained (mM): 87 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 25 NaHCO3, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 4 MgCl2, 0.5 CaCl2, 10 D-glucose, and 75 sucrose. During recordings, brain slices were continuously perfused with ACSF (3 ml/min flow rate) containing (mM): 125 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 25 NaHCO3, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 1 MgCl2, 2 CaCl2, 25 D-glucose, and 10 sucrose. Both solutions were maintained at pH 7.4 by continuous oxygenation with carbogen gas. All chemicals were obtained though Fisher Scientific unless otherwise specified.
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4

Preparation of Cerebellar Nuclei Slices

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Mice were anesthetized with ketamine / xylazine / acepromazine and transcardially perfused with warm choline ACSF solution (34°C) containing in mM: 110 Choline Cl, 2.5 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 25 NaHCO3, 25 glucose, 0.5 CaCl2, 7 MgCl2, 3.1 Na Pyruvate, 11.6 Na Ascorbate, 0.002 (R,S)-CPP, 0.005 NBQX, oxygenated with 95% O2 / 5% CO2. To prepare sagittal cerebellar nuclei slices, the hindbrain was removed, a cut was made down the midline of the cerebellum and brainstem, and the halves of the cerebellum were glued down to the slicing chamber. Sagittal slices (170 μm) were cut using a Leica 1200S vibratome in warm choline ACSF (34°C). Slices were transferred to a holding chamber with warm ACSF solution (34°C) containing in mM: 127 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 25 NaHCO3, 25 glucose, 1.5 CaCl2, 1 MgCl2 and were recovered at 34°C for 10 minutes before being moved to room temperature for another 20–30 mins until recordings begin.
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5

Synaptic Inhibition in Medial Central Amygdala

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Briefly, rats were anesthetized with isoflurane (3–5%) followed by rapid decapitation and immediate removal of the brain into an ice-cold high sucrose cutting solution of the following composition (in mM): Sucrose 206; KCl 2.5; CaCl2 0.5; MgCl2 7; NaH2PO4 1.2; NaHCO3 26; glucose 5; HEPES 5; pH 7.4. Coronal slices containing the CeA (400 μm) were cut on a Leica 1200S vibratome (Buffalo Grove, IL), incubated in an interface configuration for 5 – 17 min, and then submerged and continuously superfused (flow rate of 2–4 ml/min) with 95% O2/5% CO2 equilibrated room temperature artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) of the following composition (in mM): NaCl 130; KCl 3.5; NaH2PO4 1.25; MgSO4·7H2O 1.5; CaCl2 2.0; NaHCO, 24; glucose 10; pH 7.4. All recordings were performed 1 – 8 hours after slice preparation in neurons from the medial subdivision of the CeA, and each experimental group contained neurons from at least 3 different animals. Inhibitory neurotransmission was pharmacologically isolated with 20 μM DNQX (to block AMPA receptors), 30 μM DL-AP5 (to block NMDA receptors), and 1 μM CGP 55845A (to block GABAB receptors). All drugs were constituted in aCSF and applied by bath superfusion.
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6

Cerebellar Slice Preparation for Physiology

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WT or Doc2b KO mice of both sexes were used for physiology experiments. Animal age varied across experiments (P12 and P40-P50 for PC to DCN mIPSCs, P7-8 for PC to PC mIPSCs, P18-P20 for PC to DCN minimal stimulation and burst stimulation, and P13-15 and P60-P80 for PC to DCN train experiments). Animals older than P20 were anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine/ acepromazine and transcardially perfused with warm choline-ACSF solution containing in mM: 110 Choline Cl, 2.5 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 25 NaHCO3, 25 glucose, 0.5 CaCl2, 7 MgCl2, 3.1 Na-Pyruvate, 11.6 Na-Ascorbate, 0.005 NBQX, and 0.0025 (R)-CPP, oxygenated with 95% O2/5% CO2. To prepare sagittal slices of the cerebellum, the hindbrain was first removed, a cut was made down the midline of the cerebellum, and the two halves of the cerebellum were glued down to the slicing chamber. 150–200 µm thick sagittal slices were cut with a Leica 1200S vibratome in warm choline-ACSF. Slices were transferred to a standard ACSF solution containing, in mM: 127 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 25 NaHCO3, 25 glucose, 1.5 CaCl2, and 1 MgCl2 maintained at 34–35°C for 10–12 min and then moved to room temperature for 20–30 min before beginning recordings. Procedures involving animals were approved by the Harvard Medical Area Standing Committee on Animals.
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7

Immunohistochemical Quantification of FOS Expression in BNST

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Mice were perfused transcardially using 30 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS) followed by 30 ml 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS. Brains were dissected out and postfixed for 24 hours in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4°C, t hen transferred to 30% sucrose until fully saturated. Slices of the BNST (45 μm) were prepared on a Leica 1200S vibratome and stored in 50/50 glycerol/PBS at −20°C for FOS i mmunohistochemistry. Slices were first washed in PBS, then incubated in 50% methanol and followed by 3% H2O2. Slices were washed in PBS again followed by a 24 hour incubation at 4°C in 0.5% BSA, 0.3% Triton-X100, and c-fos antibody (1:3000; Santa-Cruz). The next day, slices were washed in Tris-HCl, NaCl, Tween (TNT) buffer, incubated in Tris, NaCl blocking (TNB) buffer, and then incubated in goat anti-rabbit HRP-linked IgG (1:200) in TNB buffer for 30 minutes. Slices were washed in TNT, and tyramine signal amplification (TSA) with Cy3 was performed using a kit (Perkin Elmer).
Slices were mounted with Vectashield on glass slices and imaged using a Zeiss AXIO Zoom V16 microscope with ZEN pro 2012 software. FOS-positive cells from at least 3 sections per animal were counted using NIH image software separately in the dorsolateral BNST (dlBNST), dorsomedial BNST (dmBNST) and vBNST.
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8

Acute Slice Preparation of Mouse Brain

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Acute slices were prepared in mice of both sexes (P21-32 unless otherwise indicated). Mice were sacrificed 12–14 days following AAV injections. Animals were anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine (100/10 mg/kg) and transcardially perfused with solution composed of in mM: 110 Choline Cl, 2.5 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 25 NaHCO3, 25 glucose, 0.5 CaCl2, 7 MgCl2, 3.1 Na Pyruvate, 11.6 Na Ascorbate, 0.002 (R)-CPP, 0.005 NBQX, oxygenated with 95% O2 / 5% CO2, kept at 35°C. For DCN recordings, a cut was made down the midline of the hindbrain, and the cut face of each side was glued to the slicing chamber to generate sagittal slices. For the vestibular nuclei, a cut was made down the midbrain between the cerebellum and cortex and glued to the slicing chamber to generate coronal slices. 250 μm thick sections were made on a Leica 1200S vibratome and were then transferred to a holding chamber with ACSF containing in mM: 127 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 25 NaHCO3, 25 glucose, 1.5 CaCl2, 1 MgCl2, and allowed to recover at 35°C for at least 20 minutes before cooling to room temperature.
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9

Acute Hippocampal Slice Preparation

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Postnatal day (P) 15-20 mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and quickly decapitated. The brain was rapidly removed and submerged in ice-cold, low [Ca2+]o, high sucrose dissecting solution continuously oxygenated with carbogen (95%-5% O2-CO2) gas. Horizontal whole brain slices (300 μm) were made with a Leica 1200 S vibratome. Slices containing both hippocampus and entorhinal cortex were recovered in oxygenated normal artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) for 1 h at 32 C, and then stored at room temperature until use. The standard dissecting solution contained (mM): 87 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 25 NaHCO3, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 4 MgCl2, 0.5 CaCl2, 10 D-glucose, and 75 sucrose. During recordings, brain slices were continuously perfused with ACSF (3 ml/min flow rate) containing (mM): 125 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 25 NaHCO3, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 1 MgCl2, 2 CaCl2, 25 D-glucose, and 10 sucrose. Both solutions were maintained at pH 7.4 by continuous oxygenation with carbogen gas. All chemicals were obtained though Fisher Scientific unless otherwise specified.
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10

Acute Slice Preparation of Mouse Brain

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Acute slices were prepared in mice of both sexes (P21-32 unless otherwise indicated). Mice were sacrificed 12–14 days following AAV injections. Animals were anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine (100/10 mg/kg) and transcardially perfused with solution composed of in mM: 110 Choline Cl, 2.5 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 25 NaHCO3, 25 glucose, 0.5 CaCl2, 7 MgCl2, 3.1 Na Pyruvate, 11.6 Na Ascorbate, 0.002 (R)-CPP, 0.005 NBQX, oxygenated with 95% O2 / 5% CO2, kept at 35°C. For DCN recordings, a cut was made down the midline of the hindbrain, and the cut face of each side was glued to the slicing chamber to generate sagittal slices. For the vestibular nuclei, a cut was made down the midbrain between the cerebellum and cortex and glued to the slicing chamber to generate coronal slices. 250 μm thick sections were made on a Leica 1200S vibratome and were then transferred to a holding chamber with ACSF containing in mM: 127 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 25 NaHCO3, 25 glucose, 1.5 CaCl2, 1 MgCl2, and allowed to recover at 35°C for at least 20 minutes before cooling to room temperature.
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